Environmental Technologies Industries

Environmental Technologies Industries

Market Plans

Central and Eastern Europe Export Market Plan

IV. Poland

Summary of Findings

The key regulatory and enforcement authorities responsible for environmental protection in Poland include: the Ministry of Environment; other ministries with environment-related duties; regional (provincial) environmental offices in voivodships (provinces); and municipal authorities. Enforcement of regulations is the responsibility of State and Voivodship Environmental Protection Inspectorates. Most environmental permitting is administered at the regional level in 49 voivodships. Physical planning and construction permits as well as utility contracts are issued at the local level in over 2,500 municipalities.

In 1995, environmental expenditures in Poland amounted to 1308 mln USD. About 40% of environmental spending was financed from the national and voivodship environmental protection funds; about a third by investors’ own funds; and less than a fifth from municipal budgets. The share of the state budget and foreign assistance programs was lower than 5%.

Loans and subsidies from the National Environmental Protection Fund account for about a quarter of environmental expenditures in Poland. The Fund’s financial resources were directed mainly toward air protection (45% of the total) and water protection (including wastewater treatment plants) projects (40% of the total). Some environmental protection projects can be partly financed by the ECOFUND Foundation, administering the financial resources made available via the debt-for-environment swap scheme. In Ecofund projects, preference is given to environmental technologies imported from the United States, France and Switzerland, which are the three founding countries. Foreign assistance programs account for less than 5% of Polish environmental expenditures. The PHARE program is the main foreign source of assistance.

Spending on air protection accounted for 53% of total expenditures (approx. 700 mln USD), on water protection for 37% (approx. 480 mln USD), and on waste management for 9% (approx. 124 mln USD). The estimated size of the market for environmentally safe technologies for power generating activities was 240 USD mln in 1995; the estimate for pollution control equipment was 330 USD mln, and for industrial process controls 98 USD mln.

The following environmental priorities have been set by the government:

Air protection

: modernization of technological processes; modernization of industrial boilers; changing fuels to gas and oil, and wider use of coal gasification processes; construction of installations for reduction of dust and gaseous emissions (especially sulfur dioxide, dust particles, nitrogen monoxides, carbon oxides), construction of central (district) heating systems in urban areas; application of alternative sources of energy.

Water resource protection and management:

construction of wastewater collection networks and treatment plants (including systems for phosphorus and nitrogen removal, and sludge treatment); construction or modernization of drinking water treatment plants; construction of impounding reservoirs;

Land surface protection:

implementation of modern technologies for waste treatment and management; introduction of state-of-the-art technologies for disposal of hazardous and toxic wastes generated by industrial and agricultural activities; construction of industrial and municipal waste landfills; re-cultivation of polluted soils (mainly former Russian military bases).

Respondents identified the following as the most important environmental problems needing to be addressed: control of process and fugitive air emissions at industrial plants; water resources management, including water conservation systems; wastewater treatment and sludge disposal, waste management, including waste collection systems, treatment and disposal; recycling and process waste utilization.

Geographic distribution of major environmental problems in Poland is uneven. Environmental expenditures in the ten most polluted voivodships (of a total of 49) account for over 60% of the total national figure. Most polluted voivodships are located in Silesia and in the Black Triangle region in the south and south-west of Poland. Others include major industrial and economic centers located throughout the country (Plock, Warsaw, Szczecin, Lodz).

Table 4.1: Basic Country Information

Indicator	Czech Republic	Hungary	Poland	Slovakia
Population (millions)	10.3	10.3	38.5	5.3
Area (sq. km)	78,900	93,000	312,700	49,000
GDP ($Billions US)	44.7	43.8	115.7	16.0
GDP growth (%)	4.4	0.5	5.4	6.9
Foreign Direct Invest ($Billions US)	7.2	15.0	12.0	0.9
Unemployment (%)	4.1	10.6	13.5	13.6
Average monthly wage ($US)	360	382	350	315
Real wage growth (%)	11.8	-6.4	5.1	2.4
Inflation (%)	7.3	18.9	17.3	6.0
Exchange rate to the US dollar	29.3	176.2	3.1	33.1

There are no effective formal channels of information for environmental business opportunities in Poland. Governmental organizations, R&D institutes, and professional associations, etc. are not seen as useful sources. Most businesses obtain information through personal and professional contacts, and participation in major trade fairs. POLEKO, held in Poznan every November, is the largest fair for pollution control technologies in Poland and in the CEE region.

Additional sources include annual environmental reports prepared by each of the 49 Voivodships, and the Bulletin on Public Tendering, published regularly by the Public Tendering Office. Another potentially important source of information on potential business opportunities is the so-called List of 80, which includes industrial companies declared particularly damaging to the environment, and similar lists maintained in each voivodship.

There is no clearinghouse or similar source gathering information on environmental technologies available in Poland. The common sources used by buyers include: personal contacts and discussions; brochures and leaflets distributed at trade shows; catalogues and information books purchased during shows, fairs and conferences; office visits of manufacturer’s representatives; and design bureaus offering technical information.

The demand for environmental technologies in Poland was identified to be between moderate and high. The highest demand was found to be for environmental technologies related to the energy sector and water and wastewater treatment, followed by waste management technologies. This is closely related to the current Polish environmental policy and regulations, where the major priority areas are air pollution control and protection of water resources.

Overall demand in the

air sector

was moderate. High demand was identified for technologies related to abatement of air emissions and cleaner production. Increasing demand was expected for technologies for air pollution control and flue gas purification. Most frequently noted were state-of-the-art systems to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide, dust and particulates, nitrogen monoxides, and hazardous chemicals. Growing demand was also identified for instrumentation and process control technologies.

High levels of demand were identified for

energy-related

technologies. Specific technologies in high demand included new/efficient energy and heat generation systems, equipment for retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems, technologies related to heat recovery and energy savings, and process management and control equipment. Technologies related to the use of alternative/ renewable energy sources were in high demand in the power and energy generation sector. A whole range of opportunities is related to the ongoing program of restructuring of the energy sector, with a strong emphasis on reducing the share of coal as the energy source, currently standing at 70-80%.

Among technologies in the

municipal and industrial wastewater

sector, high demand was identified for those technologies related to sludge treatment and disposal (very high demand); technologies for pollution prevention and waste minimization; monitoring equipment; advanced (tertiary) wastewater treatment technologies; and instrumentation, process control and software. Technologies for cleanup, quality restoration, and decontamination of

surface and groundwater

were also in high demand. Treatment of large amounts of saline water discharged from coal mining is still an unresolved problem.

In the

waste management

sector, high demand in all waste categories was expected for technologies related to pollution prevention and waste minimization, and recycling and resource recovery. For municipal waste, composting and biomass conversion technologies were identified as a high demand area. Technologies for collection, transportation, and storage of hazardous waste, and equipment for decontamination, site remediation, and cleanup of contaminated land for radioactive waste were also in high demand.

Demand for technologies related to

noise, vibration and occupational health and safety

was moderate. It is expected that within a 3-5 year time period, the focus will remain on end-of-pipe environmental technologies. There will be a growing demand, however, for pollution prevention and waste minimization technologies.

Major end-users of environmental technologies in Poland are municipalities and industrial plants. Industrial branches most commonly listed as main end users included the power and energy sector, the chemical industry, and mining sector.

The majority of respondents tend to approach each purchasing decision on a case-by-case basis, usually applying best-technology and best-practice criteria. About a third of respondents expressed preference for domestic environmental technology products. The key criteria used in purchasing decisions are quality, reliability and durability of products. Respondents clearly prefer to buy foreign environmental technologies from local representative offices rather than purchase directly from the manufacturer.

Key strengths of foreign environmental technology products are: high product quality, and reliability and durability of products. Preferential credit or purchase terms from the supplier significantly increase the chances of selling environmental technologies in Poland.

High price was identified as the main barrier to purchasing foreign environmental technologies. Problems with ensuring reliable technical service and maintenance by authorized representatives were also a significant barrier, followed by the lack of information about suppliers and available products.

Perception of foreign environmental technologies was between good and excellent. Technologies from Austria, Germany, Japan, and the US were perceived particularly high, followed by Dutch and Scandinavian products. Notably, all foreign environmental technologies were ranked well above domestic products, which were evaluated as average. However, the overall level of knowledge of the foreign environmental technologies available in Poland was found to be low.

Foreign business activity in Poland is highest in the water and wastewater sector, followed by the waste management and air sectors. German, Austrian, American, Dutch and Scandinavian environmental technology firms are perceived as most active. In the

air

sector, German, American, and Scandinavian companies were evaluated favourably. These countries, and in addition, Austria and Holland, were seen to be most active in the

water and wastewater

sector. German, Scandinavian, Austrian and American suppliers were ranked high in the

waste management

sector, while in the

energy

sector, German, American and Dutch suppliers were most active.

The level of knowledge of American technologies available to the Polish market is very low, which is surprising considering the good perception of US suppliers mentioned above. Only some 10% of respondents indicated direct experience with American environmental companies and products. Generally, US environmental technologies were used in projects focusing on air pollution control and in the energy sector. American technologies were evaluated as competitive with Western European products in terms of price and quality.

Wider imports of environmental technologies from the US are hampered by the low direct market presence of American companies in Poland, their limited knowledge of the market compared to EU competitors, and some product compatibility problems resulting from the differences in the measurement systems.

The key factor for a successful sale of an American environmental technology in Poland is an in-country representative office and a dependable technical service. Further improvements in sales prospects can result from an attractive financing package, such as low-interest foreign credit lines, partial refinancing of foreign deliveries, etc.

Methodology

Sources of Information Used in the Survey

Three methods were used in the collection of information relevant to the project:formal interviews based on the Survey Questionnaire;supplementary phone and personal interviews and discussions;literature review and desktop study of relevant official publications and technical papers.

Organizations and institutions included in the survey fall into several categories:

Central state institutions

of the country, including Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry; the

National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management; Ekofundusz, etc.;

Research and Development institutes

, referred to as

R&D sector

;

Industrial plants

(cross-section of various sectors) and water and wastewater operation companies, referred to as “

end users

”;

Design and engineering, and consulting firms

;

Business Units

; this category includes environmental technology suppliers, and turn-key projects suppliers, such as engineering-construction companies, engineering-contracting companies, etc.; see footnote for more details)

The selection of interviewed organizations and institutions was carried out so as to ensure best possible coverage of a cross-section of the market, and to provide information representative of each group of surveyed environmental issues. Specifically, the following criteria were used:

various and diversified fields of activity, and multidisciplinary profile
high qualifications of specialists;
familiarity of specific environmental issues;
wide spatial distribution of locations across Poland so as to identify specific local and regional environmental issues.

In total, 108 questionnaires were distributed to identified parties. Each of the parties was contacted by phone to arrange an interview. In 29 cases, respondents agreed to a formal interview based on the questionnaire. In a majority of cases, the researcher carried out informal interviews, either in person or by phone, to obtain relevant information. Finally, two companies refused to participate in the survey in any form. To gain in-depth insight, the researcher conducted additional interviews with representatives of:

Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry;
National Fund of Environmental Protection & Water Management;
Bank of Environmental Protection;
Ekofundusz;
Warsaw University of Technology.

Problems Encountered

Numerous negative comments on the survey received by the researcher, combined with a poor turnover of questionnaires, compelled the researcher to comment on existing conditions influencing the flow of information in Poland. In the opinion of ERM Polska, it is crucial for foreign companies entering the Polish market to consider the country-specific factors restricting the flow of information.

There is currently no system in place in Poland to ensure a wide and publicly available access to information. This situation is particularly perplexing considering that technical aspects (e.g., access to computers or to modern means of communication) are not a key factor behind the limited availability of information.

The period before the socio-political changes in the eighties was characterized by a tight state control of information flow, and most social, economic and technical issues were treated as state secret. For instance, data regarding public health and safety, and environmental protection was classified, and, unless censored, could not be published without a risk of potential punishment. One of the most significant consequences of this situation was the reluctance of officials of all levels to share information with third parties. The term “public information” was practically unknown.

The short period of socio-economic reforms since the late eighties has not been sufficient for a growth of strong and properly trained civil servant class. The individuals occupying civil servant positions are frequently poorly-paid bureaucrats, who treat public information as merchandise which can be sold. In some instances even institutions created to - amongst other duties - disseminate public information and to increase public awareness of important issues, are taking what appears to be deliberate steps to limit the flow of information. A case in point is the recent closure of the sole distribution center of publications of the State Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (PIOS). Currently, a vast majority of PIOS publications is distributed individually between specialists, but the actual method of distribution remains unclear even to those actively inquiring at PIOS and MoE. A significant number of other Ministries, central institutions, and local Voivodship (provincial) governments adopt similar policies.

Environmental professionals (including government officials) who were the main target of the survey, are fully aware of this situation. Having experienced that “public” information is a merchandise they have to buy, they are reluctant to share their expertise and insight without being paid for the service.

There are currently no professional associations for environmental professionals in Poland which could be a common and cost-effective source of information, as is the case in other countries. Existing professional organisations focusing on environmental protection are hardly visible on the market, and their few publications are mainly very specific and detail-oriented, with little room for general information about market needs and the current market offer. To the best knowledge of the authors, not a single “Annual Buyers Guide” is published in Poland.

Vast majority of comments received by the researcher reflected a very negative attitude of respondents towards questionnaires as a method of market research. Over the last several years, the Polish market has been saturated with various surveys and market studies which did not bring direct benefits to participating parties. The respondents also complained about the length of questionnaire and the timing of the survey (numerous holidays in the last quarter of 1996, and year-end reporting at various institutions).

Due to poor and untimely response, and the general unwillingness to agree to formal questionnaire-based interviews, the researcher was forced to reassess the method of data collection - direct interviews without the use of questionnaires (both personal and on the phone), were the major source of information.

Interestingly, one frequent comment received by the researcher concerned the perception of the survey as “economic espionage”. While this accusation may seem surprising, it reflects the general attitude towards sharing absolutely legitimate information with a third party.

Table 4.2: Summary of Interviews Based on the Questionnaire

Category	Contacted	Responses
End users	25	9
Design/engineering/consulting	31	4
Business units	29	5
R&D, government, and financial institutes	23	11
TOTAL	108	29

In summary, the following key factors influence the poor flow of information in Poland:

remaining concepts of “state secret” or “classified information;”
attitude of officials / bureaucrats, who treat public information as a potential merchandise;
unclear rules regarding access to public information, and lack of public access tradition and culture;
environmental professionals obtain their information with a significant degree of difficulties, and consequently become reluctant to share information without compensation;
fear of “economic espionage” amongst professionals;
lack of strong professional and trade organizations, which are the key source of information in other countries.
poor degree of understanding amongst R&D and academic staff of the need to commercialize R&D activities; researchers frequently prefer short-term gain (contract projects) over long-term efforts (co-operative projects combined with a know-how transfer).

Profile of Respondents

A total of 108 businesses and institutions were selected as potential respondents to the questionnaire, and were contacted by phone prior to commencing the project. A complete list (with full contact information) of potential respondents who were contacted is included in Appendix B.

Despite repeated phone calls and fax communications to arrange interviews, only 29 formal interviews based on the questionnaire were arranged. The distribution of responses based on a formal interview with the use of the questionnaire is presented in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Profile of Respondents

END-USERS	Number	Names of Plants
Metallurgical facilities	4	Iskra, Prema-Milmet, Kety, Huta Czestochowa
Chemical facilities	8	Konstal, Zaklady Papiernicze Jeziorna, Zaklady Azotowe Tarnow, Wizow, Organika-Zachem, Rokita, Boruta, Huta szkia Jaroslaw
Electrical facilities	4	Apator, Centra, Fael, Lucent
Food processing industry	4	Danone, Drobex-Heintz, Winiary, Sery ICC Paslek
Wood processing industry	2	Alpex, Prospan
Water and Wastewater companies	2	Mpwik, Warsaw; Mpwik, Lublin
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
Air pollution control	1	Atmoterm
Water/wastewater treatment, waste management	15	Biprowod, Ctbk, Dit, Ekolog, Dor-Eko, Elimp, Inzynieria-Proeko, Ekolog System, Hydroprojekt-Warszawa, Instalex-Bioox, Mss Environmental Engineering, Projprzem, Prosan in Warsaw, Prosan in Szczecin, Seto
Environmental technologies	7	Arka Konsorcjum, Ekocomp, Ekokonrem, Energopomiar, Prochem, Salgeo, Stolica
Noise & vibration control	1	Decybel
Energy-related technologies	1	Energoprojekt
Consulting companies	3	Ekoefekt, WS Atkins, Narodowa Fundacja Ochrony Srodowiska
BUSINESS UNITS
Air/Energy sector	5	Abb, Sefako Sedziszow, Rafako, fluid Corp. Kowent
Water/wastewater treatment, waste management	16	Aquamex, Aquatech, Biox, Arcus, Chemadex, Ekofinn, Flootek AB, metex-Huber, Netzch-Jaworski International, Nijhuis Water Technology, Powogaz, Sanitgaz, Spo Masz, Wibex, Geotex, Candela
Engineering/construction services	6	Budexpol Wroclaw, hydrobudowa Poznan, Rpri-Rzeszow, Polimex-Cekop, Exbud, Elektrim

In response to the situation, to collect relevant information the researcher used non-formal phone and in-person interviews with the remaining parties. Additional efforts were made to gather and analyse information from literature, technical papers, and official bulletins about key areas of interest for the Client (ongoing environmental projects, project opportunities, contact points).

There are three main categories of

R&D institutions

in Poland: academic centers; branch (or Ministerial) R&D institutes; and central R&D institutes within the Polish Academy of Science. Leaders in the field of environmental protection are listed in Table 4.4.

All of the above environmental R&D institutes were contacted and/or interviewed during the survey, with the exception of the Institute for Agriculture, Fertilising and Pedology in Pulawy, and the Institute of Physical Planning and Municipal Economy.

Table 4.4: Major R&D Institutions Interviewed

Academic R&D Centers:

Warsaw University of Technology
Warsaw Agriculture University
University of Warsaw

R&D institutes supervised by Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry:

Institute for Ecology of Industrialized Areas in Katowice
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Warsaw
Institute of Environmental Protection in Warsaw
National Geological Institute in Warsaw
R&D Center for Mining Technology

R&D institutes supervised by Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and Economy:

Institute for Grass Farming and Land Reclamation in Falenty (near Warsaw)
Institute for Construction, Mechanization, Electrification of Rural Areas in Warsaw
Institute for Agriculture, Fertilizing and Pedology in Pulawy
Academy of Mining and Metallurgy in Krakow

R&D institutes supervised by Ministry of Land Use Planning and Construction

Institute of Physical Planning and Municipal Economy

Central R&D Institutes (Polish Academy of Science)

Center for Basic Issues of Mineral Resources and Energy Management, Krakow

Additionally, the following institutions and bodies were interviewed for the survey :

Environmental Policy Department at the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry.
The Ministry of Environment is the main government body responsible for environmental management; its responsibilities cover environmental protection and pollution control, nature conservation, water management and flood protection, protection and management of forests, and mineral resources management including exploration and granting mining concessions. Ministry’s duties include the development and implementation of national environmental policy, the formulation of regulations for environmental protection, and the supervision of subordinate environmental agencies;
Other environmental agencies: Regional Water Management Boards, Voivodship Departments of Environmental Protection

There are a number of institutions outside the structure of the Ministry of Environmental Protection which also play an important role in environmental protection. The key agencies reporting to the ministry include State Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, State Sanitary Inspectorate, and seven Regional Water Management Boards. Regional Water Management Boards, created in 1991, are responsible for developing programs for water resource management within the main river basins in Poland. According to the governmental policy, those Boards are responsible for collecting fees for water extraction and wastewater discharge, and for the financing of construction and maintenance of water management facilities. National institutions administering environmental financing (National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, and ECOFUND).

Overview of the Market

Introduction

With the population of over 38 million and an area of 312 thousand sq.km. (121 thousand sq.mi., slightly smaller than New Mexico) Poland is the largest country in the region.

Although there has been a decline in manufacturing activities, and a corresponding reduction in environmental pollution, Poland suffers from some of the most severe and intractable environmental problems in the region. Two of the most polluted areas in Europe - Upper Silesia and the Black Triangle - are located in the south and south west of Poland. Considerable environmental damage has occurred in the past, and is still taking place, e.g., the contamination of water resources and soil, the deterioration of air quality, and inadequate storage and disposal of waste.

The development of heavy industry and the energy sector mainly based on coal are among the key causes for severe pollution. While poor air and water quality are the most frequently cited environmental problems, solid waste and wastewater, transport pollution, and energy related environmental degradation also represent major challenges.

Environmental legislation, generally quite developed, is currently being refined. Environmental skills among Polish technicians, policy makers and academics are well developed. Critical points for future environmental initiatives are major capital investments in improving the quality of water resources and air, institutional strengthening, awareness raising, training and clean technologies. Major support will be provided to enforcement agencies.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry (abbreviated Ministry of Environment, or MoE) is the main governmental body responsible for environmental protection and management in Poland.

Several other ministries play an important role in environmental protection. The Ministry of Industry and Commerce is involved in the preparation and implementation of environmental regulations, and in the implementation of environmental programs in industry. Spatial planning, construction, and investment localization, as well as some aspects related to municipal water supply, waste, and wastewater management are the responsibility of the Ministry of Physical Planning and Construction. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare is the main central institution responsible for occupational health and environmental hygiene; it also oversees drugs and foodstuffs. The Ministry of Labor and Social Policy is partially responsible for occupational health and safety issues.

Most of environmental permitting is administered at the regional level in 49 provinces (voivodships, or

wojewodztwa

). Physical planning and construction permits, as well as utility contracts are issued at the local level in over 2,500 municipalities

(gmina)

. Workplace health & safety management is traditionally separated from environmental protection in Poland.

The State Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (

Panstwowa Inspekcja Ochrony Srodowiska, PIOS

) is the main body responsible for the enforcement of environmental regulations. The Inspectorate reports to the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The structure of the Inspectorate consists of the Head Inspectorate in Warsaw, and 49 of Voivodship Inspectorates

(Wojewodzka Inspekcja Ochrony Srodowiska, WIOS)

operating at the provincial level. The Inspectorates monitor compliance with environmental regulations and impose environmental fines.

The system for assessing environmental fees and fines is rather complex in Poland, and the scope of responsibilities of the various authorities varies depending on the environmental media and the nature of the payment (fee vs. fine). In general:

Environmental fees are payable for the emission of regulated substances into air and water; fees are also due for water extraction and waste disposal. Fees are due irrespective of the level of compliance with relevant permits. 62 air emission parameters are covered by the fee system, including such fuel combustion releases as particulates (US$ 30.8 per tonne), SO2 and NOx (US$ 57.7 per tonne), CO (US$ 15.4 per tonne), and CO2 (US$ 0.04 per tonne). Groundwater extraction is subject to a fee of US$ 0.03 per cubic meter; the fee is multiplied by 2.5 in groundwater sensitive regions (uplands and mountains). Effluent discharge fees are calculated depending on the pollutant load. For instance, fees are paid for BOD (US$ 0.8-1.5 per kg load), COD (US$ 0.4-1.1 per kg), suspended solids (US$ 0.6 per kg), and heavy metals (US$ 7.6 per kg). The fees are further differentiated depending on industry, e.g., reduced fees apply to the food processing industry. Waste disposal fees are assessed based on an extensive waste list (160 types of waste, grouped in four categories - I to IV, from extremely hazardous to non-hazardous wastes). The fees, paid on an annual basis, vary from US$ 19.0 per tonne of hazardous waste (e.g., waste with high heavy metal content, used oils, PCB, asbestos) to US$ 1.4 for a tonne of non-hazardous waste (e.g., wastepaper, construction and building waste). Note that the cost of the treatment and disposal has to be paid separately to a waste disposal company.

Environmental fines are assessed when a company exceeds the emission limits set in the relevant operation permit. Air emission fines are 10 times higher than the respective emission fee. Excessive water extraction results in fines between 2 and 3 times the respective fee. Effluent discharge fines are determined by the level of violation in 6 pollution categories; fines are also due for excessive pH and temperature of discharged wastewater. For instance, fines for BOD and suspended solids are at US$ 0.3 per kg, while heavy metals and toxic substances are fined at US$ 5.4 per kg. Violation of a waste disposal permit leads to fines up to 18 times bigger than fees. Interestingly, on a case-by-case basis, the payment of fines can be postponed or even canceled if the company significantly improves environmental performance in the problem area.
Regulations
Poland has developed an extensive environmental legislation system (Acts, Executive Orders and Ordinances). The major pieces of legislation include:

1980 Environmental Protection and Management Act (amended and unified in 1993)
1974 amended Water Law
1994 new Physical Planning Act and Building Law
Other, such as acts on forests and farming land, nature conservation, highway planning, geology and mining.

It should be noted that there is no framework legislation integrating environmental regulations in Poland. Based on the local environmental situation, each Voivodship has the right to impose stricter regional environmental standards and regulations than those set out at the national level. On the other hand, some environmental standards are not legally binding and are used only as guidelines by the authorities.
The existing legal system poorly incorporates BAT/BATNEEC concepts (Best Available Technology and Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Costs) in environmental standard setting, what leads to stringent standards and routine approach to permitting. There are few provisions for individual tracks for environmental improvements at industrial facilities, including such concepts as transitional temporary permits, stepwise upgrading, etc.
Anticipated Regulatory Changes
There has been a significant progress since 1989 in creating a comprehensive legal framework for environmental protection in Poland. It is widely expected that environmental enforcement will be strengthened in the coming years, which will result in appropriate measures (and investments) taken by industry.
In the mid-term (1997-2000) it is expected that the following major pieces legislation will be introduced :

amendments to the 1980 Environmental Protection and Management Act, including improved environmental procedures in air emission control, emergency planning and response;
Waste Act, currently being completed at the Parliament. The draft Act includes measures aimed at comprehensive waste management based on such principles as duty of care, and BATNEEC in waste recycling, treatment and disposal. A new system of waste classification based on the European Waste Classification, and a new waste generation permitting system are expected to be incorporated in the new law.
New Water Law. Currently, various drafts are still debated, particularly with respect to institutional and financial aspects;
Framework Act of Environmental Management, for integration of environmental law.

The major factor driving the changes is the harmonisation with EU environmental laws. Also, refined legal procedures seem necessary to improve enforcement of the existing environmental legislation. The government is focusing on the use of economic instruments in environmental protection. It is expected that environmental fees and fines will be increased between 20% and 50% above the inflation level by the year 2000.

Total Spending on Environmental Protection

The share of environmental investments in Gross National Product has increased from 0.5% in 1985 to 0.7% in 1990, 1.0% in 1994 and 1.1% in 1995. Table 4.5 presents information on recent spending on environmental protection.

Table 4.5: Country Spending on Environmental Protection
1993-1995 ($Million US)

	1993	1994	1995
Total expenditures on environmental protection	834	936	1308
Environmental expenditures as a % of GDP	1.0	1.0	1.1

Source: Statistical Year Book 1996

It should be noted that the increase in environmental expenditures was recorded at the time of a drastic reduction of the rate of investment in other branches of economy.
Environmental protection projects in Poland can be financed from the following sources:

investors’ funds;
loans from the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management. The main forms of financing are preferential loans, subsidies to commercial credits, and equity stakes in commercial ventures engaged in activity within the environmental field;
low interest loans or grants from Voivodship Environmental Funds;
national and regional budgets;
various types of low interest loans from the Environmental Protection Bank (BOS S.A);
regular commercial credits;
foreign assistance funds (debt-for-environment swap -ECOFUND, PHARE funds, Finnish Eco-conversion Fund, World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, etc.).

Table 4.6 presents the breakdown of sources of environmental expenditures between 1991 and 1995. Between 1991 and 1995, about 40% of environmental expenditures in Poland was financed from the national and voivodship environmental protection funds; about a third by investors’ own funds; and less that a fifth from municipal budgets. The share of state budget and foreign assistance programs was lower than 5%.

Table 4.6: Structure of Financial Resources Used for Environmental Protection Investments
1991-1995

Source of Financing Participation in Total Investment Costs (%)

	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
Environmental funds*	40	58	47	41	40
Investors' funds and banks' credits	30	20	25	31	32
National budget	5	5	7	5	5
Local budget (towns, municipalities)	20	13	16	19	18
Foundations and foreign support**	5	4	5	4	5

Source: Zr�dla finansowania inwestycji ekologicznych w Polsce, 1996
* Environmental Funds include the National Fund for Environmental Protection & Water Management, and Voivodship(s) Funds for Environmental Protection and Water Management financing
** includes funds adminstered by Ecofund

There also exist some smaller financing sources, e.g., Environmental Know-How Fund; Agency for Agriculture Restructuring & Modernization (Agencja Restrukturyzacji i Modernizacji Rolnictwa); Municipal Development Agency (Agencja Rozwoju Komunalnego); Foundation for Support of Water Supply Development in Rural Areas (Fundacja Wspomagajaca Zaopatrzenie Wsi w Wode); Small Grants Program of Global Environmental Facility (Program Malych Dotacji GEF); Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation (Fundacja Wspolpracy Polsko-Niemieckiej); and Umbrella Project. They are usually foundations involved in consulting or training projects, or in low-budget investments. Overall, they are of minor importance as a financing source.
Table 4.7 presents information on country environmental spending by sector. In 1995, spending on air protection accounted for 53% of total expenditures (approx. 700 mln USD), on water protection for 37% (approx. 480 mln USD), and on waste management for 9% (approx. 124 mln USD).

Table 4.7: Total Country Spending on Environmental Protection ($Million US)

	1993	1994	1995
Air	325.0	414.4	698.4
Water (spending on municipal wastewater treatment plants)	428.6 (287.3)	440.8 (292.9)	478.8 (455.3)
Soil protection	78.1	77.5	124.0
Nature and biodiversity conservation	0.6	0.5	2.8
Noise, Vibration	1.4	2.9	4.0
Total	833.6	936.0	1308.1

Source: Statistical Year Book 1996
Note: some environmental protection investment at industrial plants are connected with the modernization of processes and technological lines, and are not captured in statistics on environmental spending.

Information about spending on environmental technologies is not tracked by the Central Statistical Office, and there are no publicly available up-to-date market assessments for environmental technologies in Poland. As a guideline, the 1993 Environmental Technologies Export Market Plan, prepared by the Office of Environmental Technologies Exports, estimated that the size of the market for environmentally safe technologies for burning coal and generating power would reach 240 USD mln in 1995; the estimate for pollution control equipment was 330 USD mln, and for industrial process controls 98 USD mln.
National Environmental Protection Fund
Loans and subsidies from the National Environmental Protection Fund account for a significant proportion of environmental expenditures in Poland. It is estimated that in the period 1992-1995, financial resources provided by the Fund amounted to 22-25% of the entire national environmental spending.
Most of collected environmental fees and fines are earmarked for environmental purposes, and make up a major part of revenues of the National and Regional Environmental Funds. Analysis of 1993 revenues of the Funds shows that, effectively, industry is a main financier of environmental investment. The main environmental policy instrument applied to industry is the permit system including fees and fines for non-compliance.
Table 4.8 presents information on National Fund’s expenditures. In the period of 1990-1995, Fund’ s financial resources were directed mainly for air protection (45% of the total) and water protection (wastewater treatment plants) projects (40% of the total), which indicated the priority areas in the national environmental policy.

Table 4.8: National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management
Expenditures According to Project Type 1990-1995 ($Million US)

Specification	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	Total
Air Protection	2.9	54.1	69.2	82.3	75.3	175.4	459.2
Water Protection & Water Management	4.8	44.1	102.2	60.3	84.7	111.6	407.7
Soil Protection	0.2	8.2	11.4	10.6	15.2	18.5	64.1
Nature Conservation	06	1.1	4.1	5.2	12.5	11.4	34.9
Monitoring	--	1.8	8.0	8.7	7.0	4.0	29.5
Environmental Education	0.1	0.7	1.5	2.1	1.8	4.0	10.2
Emergency Response Issues & Others	--	0.1	8.6	5.3	11.5	11.3	36.8
Total	8.6	110.1	205.0	174.5	208.0	336.2	1042.4

Source: Statistic Year Book 1996, reprinted from National Fund’s reports

Ekofundusz and Debt-for-Environment Swap
In April 1991, creditor countries constituting the so-called “Paris Club”, agreed to reduce Polish foreign debt by 50%, provided that the balance would be paid by 2010. Several bilateral agreements were also reached regarding so-called debt-into-environmental protection swap, whereby an additional 10% of the Polish debt could be written off if the equivalent amount was spent on environmental protection.
Until now, Poland has signed bilateral agreements with the following countries:

Finland (1990) $17 million (10% of the debt)
US (1991) $370 million (10% of the debt)
France (1993) $63 million (10% of the debt)
Switzerland (1993) $66 million (10% of the debt)

Ecofund (Ekofundusz) was established by the Minister of Finance in 1992, as an independent non-profit foundation charged with administering the financial resources made available via the swap scheme from the US, Switzerland and France. A separate agreement with Finland was reached earlier, establishing a bilateral mechanism managed by a special Polish-Finish Task Force. The Finnish funds are managed by Eko-Efekt, a company in Gliwice owned in 100% by the National Environmental Protection Fund.
Expenditures of Ecofund are presented in Table 4.9. As can be noted from the table, significant financial resources used annually come from the US part of the swap funds. This is a significant factor for US businesses, as Ecofund gives preference to American environmental technologies in its projects funded from US funds.

Table 4.9: Ekofundusz Spending on Environmental Projects in Poland
1992-1995 ($Million US)

Country	1992	1993	1994	1995	Total
USA	6.5	6.5	6.5	24.2	43.7
France	--	0.4	1.2	1.2	2.8
Switzerland	--	--	1.0	1.4	2.4
Total	6.5	6.9	8.7	26.8	48.9

Source: Ekofundusz, Konwersja Polskiego Dlugu na Ochrone Srodowiska 1992-1995

Foreign Assistance Programs
Overall, foreign assistance programs account for less than 5% of Polish environmental expenditures. Information on foreign assistance for environmental projects is presented in Table 4.10. The PHARE program of the European Union is the main foreign source of environmental protection project financing in Poland. Financial participation of foreign countries is very limited in comparison with country total spending on environmental projects. Major donor countries include Denmark, Netherlands, Germany and the US.

Table 4.10: Foreign Financial Participation in Environmental Protection Investments
in Poland 1991-1995

Source of Financing	Number of Projects	Total sum ($Millions US)	Percentage (%)
European Union (PHARE)	83	113.2	31.4
Denmark	118	56.6	15.7
Netherlands	34	51.5	14.3
Germany	2	45.4	12.6
USA	10	36.5	10.1
Sweden	25	23.4	6.5
Finland	63	14.1	3.9
Japan	3	5.6	1.6
Norway	21	5.1	1.4
Switzerland	4	4.5	1.2
Belgium	6	3.3	0.9
Great Britain	13	1.6	0.4
Total	382	360.8	100.0

Note: The figures refer to public funds and do not include private investment. Data according to Statistic Year Book 1996

Table 4.11 presents details of foreign financial participation by environmental sector. Foreign financing was mainly directed toward air protection projects, and protection of water resources, which corresponds well with the national environmental priorities discussed above.

Table 4.11: Foreign Finanacial Participation in Environmental Protection Investments
In Poland by Sector 1991-1995

Category	Number of Projects	$Million US	Percentage
Air Protection	59	148.5	41.1
Water Protection and Water Management	146	94.1	26.1
Soil Protection	33	17.2	4.8
Nature Conservation	27	30.3	8.5
Monitoring	20	21.9	6.1
Other	97	48.81	3.4
Total	382	360.8	100.0

Source: Statistic Year Book 1996

Table 4.12: Environmental Projects with Foreign Finanacing
1991-1995

Type of Project	Number of Projects	$Million US	Percentage
Investments	160	204.3	56.6
Pollution control installation and treatment plants construction	23	98.0	27.1
Monitoring Equipment Supplies	16	19.9	5.5
Technical Equipment Supplies	102	69.6	19.3
Technical Documentation and Know-How Supplies	19	16.8	4.7
Pre-investment Studies	106	96.7	26.8
Technical Studies	65	55.3	15.3
Feasibility Studies	16	10.8	3.0
Master Plans	25	30.6	8.5
Other Projects	116	59.8	16.6
Management and Finance	27	18.9	5.2
Training	34	9.6	2.7
Monitoring	5	4.4	1.2
Non-Investment Supplies	19	19.4	5.4
Other	31	7.5	2.1
Total	382	360.8	100.0

Source: Statistic Year Book 1996

In the period 1991-1995, the largest proportion of foreign funds was spent on pollution control installations and construction of treatment plants; and deliveries of state-of-the-art technical equipment. Another significant category included various technical and feasibility studies, as well as preparation of master plans. However, it is expected that in the near future this category of services will be to a large degree provided by local companies.

Priority Areas for Environmental Protection
National Environmental Policy
Polish National Environmental Policy, developed in the early nineties, is already bringing positive results (even if the environmental improvements achieved in the initial years of economic transformation were partly due to the decline in industrial activities). Poland has been successful in mobilising the financial resources for environmental improvements.
Major sources of funding are industrial enterprises themselves (up to 1/3 of the total expenditures) and environmental fees & fines channelled through National and Regional Environmental Funds (up to 50% of national expenditures). Considerably less is spent from the state budget and foreign assistance programs. In recent years, Poland has been spending on environmental protection some US$ 1 bln annually, or around 1% of GDP, with both actual spending and the share in GDP growing.
In 1991, the National Environmental Policy Statement, adopted by the Government and Parliament, underlined the commitment to clean up the environmental negligence of the past, and to introduce policy based on the principles of sustainable development. Short, medium and long term objectives were developed in order to resolve the most important issues, to control the trends in environmental deterioration, and to integrate environmental aspects with economic and social issues. Presented below are environmental priorities based on the National Environmental Policy Statement, and the Executive Program prepared by the Ministry of Environment.
Short-term priorities (to be implemented by the mid-nineties, still in progress):

change of manufacturing profiles, closure, or implementation of environmental protection measures in industrial facilities emitting dangerous substances into the air, disposing of toxic substances to wastewater, or storing dangerous substances;
implementation of the coal quality improvement program (removal of sulfur, increases in calorific value of pulverized coal); improvement of the efficiency of management; and air emission control installations (reduction of particulate and SO2 emissions into the air);
noticeable reduction in dust and gaseous emissions, particularly in Upper Silesia as well as in other regions; reduction of low-stack and diffuse emissions;
reduction of shortages in high-quality drinking water supply in urban areas, mainly through the construction of wastewater treatment plants in cities located along the tributaries of Vistula, Odra, and Pomeranian Rivers; simultaneous modernization of waterworks systems, and the increase in the water retention capacity as well as improved water resources management;
radical reduction of the solid waste burden through the implementation of adequate management systems for industrial and municipal solid wastes, and disposal of toxic wastes;
gradual elimination of food crop production on soils affected by toxic substances;
initiation of the reduction of environmental effects caused by communication and transport;
improvement and extension of monitoring systems along the borders (air, water, solid waste);
intensive reforestation program, particularly in watershed areas and on land unsuitable for agricultural use;
environmental education of the public, with particular emphasis on the development of responsibility for the state of environment and respect for the nature.

Medium-term priorities (to be implemented by the year 2000):
With regard to air quality protection, the following priorities have been identified:

reduction of SO2 emissions into the air by 30% by the year 2000 compared with the level of 1980 (i.e. from 4.2 million tons per year, down to 2.9 million tons in the year 2000);
reduction of NOx emissions into the air by 10% (i.e. from 1.5 million tons per year down to 1.3-1.4 million tons in the year 2000);
reduction of dust emissions into the air by about 50% (i.e. an increase in the particulate removal efficiency in flue gases emitted by industrial and power generating plants from 92% at present to 96% in the year 2000);
reduction of air emissions of volatile organic substances, hydrocarbons (including benzo-a-pyrene), heavy metals and other air pollutants;
actions to counteract global climate change (i.e. reduction in emissions of CO2 and other gases causing greenhouse effect, and protection of the ozone layer);

Within the scope of protection and rational use of water resources, the priorities are as follows:

50 % reduction of pollution loads discharged by industry and the municipalities into the rivers. The goal is to be achieved through the decrease in the amount of untreated industrial and municipal wastewater from the current 0.5 billion, and 1.2 billion m3 respectively, to 0.1 billion and 0.6 billion m3 by the year 2000, as well as by increasing the rate of highly effective wastewater treatment systems (biological and chemical) in the overall wastewater treatment from the present 48% of total volume to 70% in the year 2000;
improvement of sanitary conditions in rural areas by supplementing village water supply systems with adequate sanitation;
alleviation of water shortages in urban areas, and the provision of water supply for drinking and production purposes in rural areas;
reduction of negative impact of saline water from mining discharged into the Upper Vistula and Odra Rivers;
use of deep groundwater aquifers for drinking water supply; termination of industrial use of these resources except for food and pharmaceutical industries;

For the remaining issues regarding environmental protection the following priorities have been identified;

proper treatment or safe storage of all hazardous wastes;
reducing by 20% generation of all high-volume industrial wastes requiring storage or dumping, and increasing the rate of their utilization;
creating a system of pre-selection and recycling of municipal wastes, and introducing technologies for composting, incineration, and biogas production;
reclamation of degraded and contaminated land;
implementing noise control measures so that less than 25% of the population will be temporarily exposed to noise levels exceeding standards;
creating a system of early identification of non-ionizing radiation, and counteracting the threats to the environment from ionizing radiation and catastrophic emissions of chemical substances.

Long-term priorities (at least until 2020)

introduction of environmentally friendly, modern manufacturing techniques throughout all production processes; support for the implementation of clean technologies rather than for the use of “end-of-pipe” equipment;
remediation of environmental damages and the creation of a system preventing their repeated occurrence;
restructuring of the economic system to work in tune with environmental protection so that economic gains are linked with the state of the environment;consolidation of environmental, cultural, and ethical values, as well as attitudes that provide benefits from dispersed actions beneficial to the environment;
consolidation of the policy of sustainable development as the basis for economic and social policy of the state, local municipal self-governing bodies, enterprises, and institutions, as well as individual citizens.

The implementation of long-term strategy of environmental protection requires expenditures estimated at USD 260 billion. The estimate also includes the costs of changing the structure of the economy and switching to the environmentally-sound technologies.
The 1994 National Environmental Policy Programme for the year 2000 has been developed as an ambitious plan to implement middle-term policy objectives. Major measures are related to the reduction of environmental pressure on air, water and soil media, development of waste treatment and disposal facilities, water resources development, as well as extension of nature conservation areas. The total budget required for the Programme until the year 2000 is estimated at USD 13 bln. Previous estimates of the overall cost of environmental improvements until the end of nineties range between USD 35 bln and 50 bln.
Priorities of the National Environmental Protection Fund

The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management plays a key role in environmental protection in Poland by providing low interest financing and grants. The Fund, reporting to the Minister of Environment (although operating independently from the Ministry), sets out its funding priorities in accordance with the national environmental policy.

The Fund is the largest financing institution in the field of environmental protection in Poland, and the only one of its size in the CEE region. About 25% of the total expenditures for environmental protection are covered by the National Fund. Funds revenues in 1995 amounted to 416 mln USD, and over the six years of operation, the Fund granted more than 3000 loans and subsidies, totaling over 600 mln USD. The Fund also manages resources from foreign assistance programs.

Priority areas for environmental protection investments financed by the National Fund include :

Water resources protection, by providing financial support for the construction of water and wastewater treatment plants, water saving technologies, construction of closed water circulation and multiple use systems;
Air quality protection by supporting modern technologies, particularly for the reduction of energy consumption and elimination of harmful air emissions; rationalization of heating systems; production and installation of pollution reducing equipment; the use of alternative sources of energy; and the encouragement of modern technological improvements to reduce the environmental impact of road transport;
Protection of land surface, and improvements in waste management by supporting low and non-waste technologies; utilization and treatment of industrial and municipal wastes, proper handling of hazardous wastes (including hospital wastes); waste reuse at source; reclamation and re-cultivation of degraded soils;
Geological and hydrogeological research; development of mining technologies and the processing of minerals; collection and purification of mining waters; re-cultivation of areas degraded by mining activities;
Conservation of nature by providing financial assistance for projects implemented in regions under special care; projects focused on organization and management of teaching, training, and research centers (scientific facilities) in national parks; restitution and reintroduction of endangered species; complete protection of forest stands and biocenosis; restoration of natural heritage in parks and palace gardens registered as historical sites;
Environmental education by supporting educational and training projects, radio and television educational programs; support for environmental education programs on a national scale;
Monitoring of the environment and financial support for the implementation of projects resulting from the National Environmental Monitoring Program.

The form of financing available from the Fund depends on the project type, the investor, and the financing institution. Possible options include:

grants, used for co-financing of priority projects, environmental education, and high-risk pilot projects;
preferential loans, up to 50% of project cost, except in projects of local authorities, where up to 70% is available. The preferential interest rate is just above the re-discount rate of the National Bank of Poland;
subsidies to bank credits (e.g., from the Bank for Environmental Protection) to cover the difference; between the commercial interest rate and the preferential rate. This mechanism is being phased out;
partial forgiveness of loans, whereby a part of the debt is written off for borrowers who meet the agreed criteria and Fund conditions;
equity involvement.

Priorities of Ecofund

Some environmental protection projects can be partly financed from the sources of Ecofund (

Ekofundusz)

. The Ecofund Foundation, established in the Fall of 1992, is responsible for administering the debt-for-environment swap funds. Currently, USA, France and Switzerland approved the procedure of debt-for environment swap arrangement and signed respective bilateral agreements.

The Ecofund’s Council, consisting of members from Poland and the creditor countries, sets the foundation’s priorities, evaluates its operation, and makes final funding decisions. The Ecofund provides support in the following four areas:

long-range transboundary air pollution abatement (SO2 and NOx) ;
increased control of contamination and eutrophication of the Baltic Sea;
greenhouse gases abatement, mainly through promoting new energy-efficient technologies and CFC emission reduction;
protection of biological diversity.

Submitted projects need to fulfil at least one of the following technical criteria:

efficiency, i.e. high environmental benefit-to-cost ratio;
promotion of new technologies and organizational techniques, particularly through demonstration projects;
development of the environmental protection sector and environmentally sound manufacturing in Poland;
enhancement of professional expertise of Polish specialists and/or environmental awareness of the Polish society.

The ECOFUND grants up to 30% of the total project cost, except for municipal and nature conservation projects, where it may cover, respectively, a maximum of 50% and 80% of the total project cost. Funds are only available at the investment stage (except nature resource protection), and feasibility studies and project support are not eligible for assistance.

It is worth noting that the debt-for-environment swap mechanism has become a useful tool for introducing and promoting businesses from the creditor countries into the Polish environmental market.

Project Opportunities

Major Environmental Problems

Summary of the responses from interviews is presented in Table 4.13. Practically none of the respondents defined the expected duration of environmental problems. Comments from the respondents show that they perceived “major environmental problems” in a variety of ways. Some respondents indicated poor legal framework and enforcement as a major issue in Poland, while others concentrated on technical and technological problems encountered during day-to-day operations.

Table 4.13: Major Environmental Problems Listed by Respondents

Category	Problem, Description, and Expected Duration	Geographic Location
Air	Emission of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust, particularly in connection with coal-fired boilers	National
	Defluorization of flue gases	Chemical industry, Wizow
	Lack of high-quality water-based paints	Entire market
	Evaluation of effectiveness of air protection programs, including various air quality monitoring methods	National, in urban areas
Water	Very high degree of surface water contamination, leading to an excessive exploitation of aquifers (ground water)	National
	Lack of high-efficiency water treatment technologies	National
	Lack of closed loop water systems (water usage minimization), mainly at industrial plants, car wash, etc.	National
	Poor quality drinking water	National
	Excessive water usage	National
	Lack of integration of water monitoring data in comprehensive water management systems	National
Wastewater	Too stringent wastewater treatment and discharge standards (consuming excessive funds and limits resources available for other investments)	National
	Necessity to build more wastewater treatment plants (WWTP)	National
	Lack of appropriate technologies for sludge treatment, dewatering and disposal; thus wide use of land disposal	National
	Lack of technologies for cheap macro nutrients removal in municipal and industrial (mainly at chemical processing plants) wastewater plants	National
	Lack of cost-effective solutions for removal of dissolved substances (chlorides, sulfates, etc.), particularly saline waters from coal mining and chemical industries	National
Waste	Lack of appropriate legal framework for development of waste processing companies	National
	Lack of cost-effective methods for spent coolants and metal polishing waste treatmentEntire country, specific to metal-processing industries	National, specific to metal-processing industries
	Poor selection of waste collection, separation, recycling, treatment and disposal methods	National
	Lack of a database allowing rapid access to information on companies offering waste management and disposal services	National
	Phosphogypsum application/utilization methods	National
	Lack of incinerators for thermal destruction of hazardous wastes	National
	Lack of agricultural waste treatment	National
Energy	Air emissions from fossil fuel burning	Most industries
	Work site (H&S issues) noise levels	Most industries
	Excessive noise levels in urban areas	National
	Environmental impacts of highways and express roads	National
Other	Significant local contamination of soil and ground water	Spread across the country, particularly former Russian bases in the West of Poland
	Forest degradation	National
	Environmental damages from mining activities	Mining areas
	Excessive consumption of natural resources by industry	National
	Environmental impact of non-ionizing radiation	Large municipalities, towns

Nevertheless, the following issues appeared as the most important environmental problems to be addressed:

organized and fugitive emission control (at industrial plants, but also in rural areas), including development and application of BATNEEC (Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost) environmental technologies;
water resources management, including water conservation systems;
wastewater treatment, and sludge treatment and disposal, including development and application of BAT/BATNEEC environmental technologies;
waste management, including waste collection systems, treatment and disposal; special attention to be given to recycling methods and development of technologies focused on process waste utilization.

Energy issues were addressed by respondents only from the air pollution point of view; hence very few comments regarding energy as a separate environmental problem. Noise & vibration, and soil contamination issues, as well as occupational health & safety aspects were not perceived by the respondents as first priority environmental problems in Poland.
Practically no respondents indicated the geographic location of specific problems. However, as environmental protection expenditures in the ten most polluted voivodships in the country account for over 60% of the total national figure, an insight into the regional distribution of environmental problems can be gained from examining environmental spending across voivodships. Table 4.1b presents voivodships where 1995 environmental expenditures exceeded 30 mln USD.

Table 4.14: Environmental Expenditures in the Most Polluted Voivodships in Poland, 1995

Voivodship

Share in National Environmental Expenditures

Environmental Expenditures ($Million US)

Katowice 22.5 % 294

Opole 8.8 % 115

Plock 6.0 % 78

Jelenia Gora 4.3 % 56

Piotrkow 4.2 % 55

Warsaw 4.1 % 54

Legnica 3.7 % 48

Wroclaw 2.9 % 38

Szczecin 2.7 % 35

Lodz 2.5 % 33

Subtotal

61.7

806

Poland 100.0 % 1308

Source

: Environmental Protection Yearbook, 1996

Most of the voivodships listed in Table 4.14 are located in the Silesia and the Black Triangle regions in the south and south-west of Poland. Others represent major industrial and economic centers located throughout the country (Plock, Warsaw, Szczecin, Lodz).

Significant Environmental Projects Currently in Progress

In general, the respondents were reluctant to discuss details of their current environmental projects. The following current projects in progress were listed:

Implementation of a national environmental monitoring system (PIOS - National Environmental Inspectorate)
Construction of small wastewater treatment plants (5-500 PE) and installation of modern waste sludge dewatering units (EKOFIN-POL)
Wastewater treatment equipment deliveries to WWTP in Zamosc, Debica, Jarocin, Walbrzych, Wroclaw, Malbork, Ciechanow (PHARE and Finnish eco-conversion projects carried out by Metex-Huber)
Replacement of the heating system for glass baths (70-80% reduction of NOx emissions) and closing the cooling water loop (glass mill in Jaroslaw)
Conceptual design of phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment processes; agricultural application of phosphogypsum (chemical plant Wizow)
Construction of a combined municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plant (chemical plant “Boruta” in Zgierz)
Installation of dust removal equipment; monitoring of ground water quality (Centra Poznan battery manufacturing)
Modernization of the existing WWTP and sludge disposal (ICC Paslek, diary/food processing)
Construction of a combined industrial/municipal WWTP; modernization of production processes (Organika-Zachem chemical plant in Bydgoszcz)
Gas desulfurization in Konin power plant; dust removal and desulfurization process for Laziska power plant; desulfurization DRYPAC process for Lagisza power plant; dust removal system for Batory Foundry, Pokoj Foundry and Glogow Foundry; modernization of power plant Turow and Polaniec (ABB)
Modernization and expansion of existing WWTP’s (Biprowod)
Construction of a municipal WWTP for Ostrowiec Swietokrzyski, Lomza and Starachowice (CTBK Warsaw)
Construction of fluidized bed boilers for district heating systems in Morag and Gostynin (Fluid Corporation)
Waste management programs for 7 Voivodships located in south-eastern Poland (PROCHEM)
Waste monitoring and records management/coordination program for Poland (PROCHEM)
Air pollution control and modernization of power/heat generating installations (nitrogen compounds manufacturing, Zaklady Azotowe in Tarn�w)
Construction of desulfurization installations in Opole, Belchatow power generating plant;
Construction of a wastewater treatment plant in Warsaw, Torun, Kalisz;
Construction of a waste incineration plant in Warsaw.

The projects above are a small sample of environmental projects currently under implementation, but they indicate that water resource protection and wastewater treatment, as well as air pollution control are the sectors where most activity is taking place in the environmental market in Poland.

Please note that the best and most comprehensive source of information on significant environmental projects recently completed or currently under implementation are the annual reports issued by the respective Voivodship Environmental Protection Inspectorates (WIOS) in each of the 49 voivodships. The latest reports are available from local WIOS offices; a sample of 1995 annual Voivodship reports available during the survey is presented in Appendix C.

World Bank Assistance Program

Several important projects with foreign co-financing were identified in the World Bank Financial Assistance Program (

Program of Cooperation

, Resident Mission, Warsaw 1996). The list of projects under preparation in the next several years includes:

In the energy sector, support for continuing government efforts to increase the efficiency of energy usage and to minimize environmental impact of power generating plants (some 8 to 10 new projects);

Ozone Depleting Substances Phase-Out Project (US$ 6.2 mln grant funding under the Global Environmental Facility, GEF);
Power Generation Plants Modernization; two projects focused on rehabilitation and modernization of power generating facilities, including the installation of pollution abatement equipment at Dolna Odra and Rybnik power plants;
First Geothermal and Environment Project; the project aims at reducing environmental pollution from domestic heating and small boilers by modernizing the district heating systems of Zakopane and Nowy Targ, and the usage of geothermal energy resources. Project cost is estimated at US$ 50 million; project preparation is currently on hold. Implementing Agency: Geotermia Podhalanska, Olcza, Stachonie 2A, 30-502, Zakopane, Poland. Tel: (48-165) 11-980. Fax: (48-165) 11-981.;
Support to the Hard Coal Sector Restructuring Program; the US$ 150 million project which will provide: indirect financial assistance for closure/merger of coal mines; incentive packages; mining site reclamation; and implementation of variety of training and other programs to minimize the social costs of the restructuring;
Other possible projects in the energy sector include power transmission issues, continuation of geothermal/district heating projects, a gas project to diversify gas supply options, development of a new combined power/heat supply plant with private sector participation, heat supply and demand side management project.

The rehabilitation and modernization of municipal infrastructure:

Water and Wastewater projects in Krakow, Wroclaw, and Bydgoszcz. Projects will finance institutional strengthening and investments for the rehabilitation and expansion of water supply and wastewater systems for the municipal water and wastewater utilities, including: upgrading and optimization of water treatment plants; construction of distribution mains and programs for water network rehabilitation and improvement; upgrading and expansion of wastewater treatment plants; construction of sewage collectors; and programs for sewer network rehabilitation and improvements combined with technical assistance for institutional improvement and engineering services. Implementing Agency Contacts: KRAKOW: Mr. Wojciech Studnicki, Director, MPWiK Krakow, ul. Senatorska 1, Krakow, tel: (48-12) 21-20-11. fax: (48-12) 21-44-12.; WROCLAW: Mr. Witold Sumislawski, Manager, MPWiK Wroclaw, ul. NA Grobli 14/16, 60-421 Wroclaw, Poland. Tel: (48-71) 44-71-21. Fax: (48-71) 44-65-15. BYDGOSZCZ: Mr. Wojciech Pawlak, Director, MWiK Bydgoszcz, ul. Torunska 103, 86-817, Bydgoszcz, Poland. Tel: (48-52) 71-87-46. Fax: (48-52) 71-12-97.
A USD 50 million Solid Waste Management Privatization project in Wroclaw which will improve solid waste collection and disposal services in Wroclaw through the introduction of private sector financing, and building and operation of waste management facilities. Implementing Agency: City of Wroclaw, Pl. Nowy Targ 1/8, 50-141 Wroclaw; Tel: (48-71) 407-112. Fax: (48-71) 443-750. A follow up project is planned for Warsaw, to support efforts of the city to implement a comprehensive and integrated solid waste management program.

Project Preparation Committee

Project Preparation Committee (PPC) is a mechanism developed by potential donor governments and international financing institutions during the 1993 Environment for Europe Conference in Lucerne. The purpose of the PPC is to coordinate fundraising for major environmental projects endorsed by individual governments. The funding request must originate from the borrowing government.

The role of the PPC is to ensure that the submitted project matches certain business and formal criteria, and then to match the project with interested funders. As of February 1997, the following projects were planned or under implementation in Poland.

Table 4.15: Project Preparation Committee Matched Projects

	Total project cost ($Million ECU)	Donors/ financing institutions	Short description
Programs under implementation
Pyrzyce Geothermal Plant	15	Denmark, EU-Phare, Germany	Establishment of a new district heating plant based on natural gas and geothermal energy, converting 68 coal-fired boilerplants to cleaner energy sources
Integrated Nun-Moth Suppression	18	Denmark, EU-Phare, IBRD	Financing of a spraying programme including new ecologically acceptable spraying solutions and equipment; control and monitoring program
Warsaw Sewage Treatment Plant	92	France, EIB	Construction of a new sewage treatment plant in Warsaw South
National Investment Funds (NIF) Environmental Training Programme	50	Norway, EBRD	Increase the awareness of the NIFs on environmental issues associated with their investee companies
Matched projects
Geothermal Energy Zyrardow (district heating)	n.a.	USAID, IBRD	Air pollution abatement by replacing coal with geothermal energy. Support for feasibility studies and technical assistance in technical areas
Wastewater Treatment Plant for Jelenia Gora	15	Denmark, EU-Phare	Feasibility studies, including financial analysis and preliminary design is completed. Plant rehabilitation to be implemented
Wastewater Treatment Plant for Zielona Gora	15	Denmark, EU-Phare	Feasibility studies, including financial analysis and preliminary design is completed. Plant rehabilitation to be implemented
Coal Restructuring and Environment Project	200-300	EU-Phare, Germany, IBRD	Financing of mine restructuring with emphasis on mine closures. Preparation support is sought for environmental audits of mines to be closed
Zakopane Geothermal Project	50	Denmark, EU-Phare, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, IBRD	Financing of a district heating network based on geothermal energy. Preparation support is sought for geological feasibility studies and the development of management infrastructure
Szczecin Geothermal Project	60	Denmark, Germany	Switch from coal to geothermal energy of a district heating plant. Preparation support is sought for geological feasibility studies
Water Management Project	n.a.	Denmark, EU-Phare, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, IBRD	Financing of the development of water management and construction of wastewater treatment plants. Preparation support is sought for feasibility studies
Solid Waste Management Privatization (Krakow, Warsaw, Wroclaw)	n.a	Germany, IBRD	n.a.

Source

: PPC - List of PPC Projects, February 97

Major Sources of Information on Business Opportunities
It is clear from the survey that the interviewed parties were not aware of any central body or organization collecting information on environmental business opportunities; most of information flow is based on personal and professional contacts. To provide a more complete picture, this section presents the findings from the interviews, followed by a more in-depth discussion of selected issues, and supplementary information from sources other than survey interviews.
Survey Findings
In general, the respondents were not willing to discuss their sources of information on business opportunities, and a majority did not indicate a single contact in response to the question. Potential sources mentioned by respondents are summarized below in Table 4.16.

Table 4.16: Summary of Responses on Sources of Information on Business Opportunities

Organization Name	Number of Responses
Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry	1
The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management	2
Voivodship Departments of Environmental Protection	1
Voivodship Environmental Protection Funds	1
National Environmental Protection Inspectorate	1
Institute of Patent Information	1
Institute of Chemical Industry Economics	1
Design Offices	1
Consulting Offices	1
Publications	1

Note: a comprehensive list of useful contacts is provided in Table 4.24.

Respondents from category “business unit” mentioned the following sources of information on environmental business opportunities:

Personal contacts and discussions with others in the field;
Personal contacts with potential clients (industrial plants, municipalities);
Annual environmental reports prepared by each of the 49 Voivodships (see below for a detailed discussion);
Bulletin on Public Tendering, published by the Public Tendering Office (according to Polish regulations, if a project involves financing from ‘public sources,’ it must be announced in the Bulletin; see following sections for more details).

An important source of technical information in Poland are annual environmental fairs organised in several cities. Table 4.17 summarizes the events listed by respondents; figures in brackets represent the number of respondents indicating the fair.

Table 4.17 Environmental Trade Fair Listed by Respondents

Name of Fair	City	Approximate Date	Focus
BUDMA (1)	Poznan	January/February	Construction materials & technologies
Consumer Fair (2)	Poznan	March	Manufactured products exhibition
InterEko(2)	Katowice	March/April	Environmental protection
SalMed (1)	Poznan	March	Health & Safety
Wod-Kan (2)	Bydgoszcz	May	Environmental protection
Ecological Fair (1)	Krakow	May	Environmental protection
International Fair in Poznan (1)	Poznan	June	Capital and industrial goods, engineering services
Polagra (2)	Poznan	September	Food products
Sawo (1)	Bydgoszcz	September	Health & Safety
Interfashion (1)	Lodzn	n.a.	Textile industry
Leather Industry Fair (1)	Radom	September	Leather industry
PolEko (9)	Poznan	November	Environmental protection technology and systems, measuring equipment

Note: Figures in brackets represents the number of responses

Supplementary Information
Overall, findings presented above indicate that there are few formal information flow channels on environmental business opportunities in Poland - most of information dissemination is based on personal contacts. This picture corresponds well with the findings of a 1995 survey carried out by the Regional Environmental Center among 150 environmental technology and service providers in Poland. Table 4.18 summarizes response to the question “how do you find out about new environmental business opportunities?”

Table 4.18: Sources of Information on Environmental Business Opportunities

Source of Information	Respondents (%)
Personal Contacts	98
Trade Shows and Fairs	91
Referrals from Associates	85
Daily Press	84
Environmental Publications	83
Conference Attendance	81
Business Publications	77
Mailing Lists	65
Local Government Offices	59
Professional Associations	53
Fax	42
Universities/Academy of Science	42
Environmental Ministry	31
Chamber of Commerce	24
Other Ministries	19
Ministry of Industry/Trade	17
Other	13
Email	7

Source: REC Report “Emerging Environmental Market” 1995 /24/

Personal contacts were by far the major channel of information. Trade shows and fairs, environmental and business publications, and professional associations are discussed below. Based on the 1995 survey, the main business and environmental publications read by Polish environmental professionals included those listed in Table 4.19. Interestingly, 30% of respondents stated that they did not read any environment-related publications.

Table 4.19: Main Business and Environmental Publications

Publication	Respondents (%)
Gaz, Woda, and Technika Sanitarna	43
Ochrona Srodowiska	23
Aura	20
Ekopartner	18
Ochrona Powietrza	13
Gospodarka Wodna	11
Srodowisko	9
Instalator	8
Rzeczpospolita	6
Biuletyn Komisji d/s Ocen Oddzialywania na Sordowisko	6

Source: REC Report “Emerging Environmental Market” 1995 /24/

Finally, the role of environmental and trade associations in Poland is quite limited, as shown in Table 4.20.

Table 4.20: Top 5 Environmental Associations

Association Respondents Enlisted

Polish Sanitary Engineers and Technicians Associations (PZITS) 21%

Chief Technical Organization (NOT) 11%

Associations of Polish Mechanical Engineers (SIMP) 9%

Chamber of Commerce (Izba Gospodarcza) 6%

Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP) 5%

Association of Land Melioration Engineers and Technicians (SITWM) 5%

Source: REC Report “Emerging Environmental Market” 1995 /24/

Annual Regional Environmental Reports
Several respondents from the business sector mentioned annual environmental reports as a potential source of information about business opportunities. Each of the 49 Voivodships in Poland (provinces, regional level of state administration) publishes annual environmental reports, where among others, the following information is provided :

description of key environmental issues in the province;
current monitoring data;
presentation of completed projects or projects under implementation;
planned short-term and long-term environmental protection projects (including all environmental categories: water and wastewater projects, air pollution control, etc.);
other information relevant to the region.

The Voivodships’ annual reports are prepared in the beginning of each year. Significant environmental protection projects, collected from reports which were available at the time of the survey, are presented below in Table 4.22. Additionally, investments reports from nine selected Voivodships are presented in Appendix C.

Table 4.22: Major Environmental Investments under Implementation in Selected Voivodships in Poland

Number	Voivodship Name	Environmental Category	Type/Number of Projects
1	Gdansk	Water and Wastewater	Industrial wastewater treatment plants: 6 projects
			Municipal wastewater treatment plants: 14 projects
		Air	Air Implementation of low emission production technology : 6 projects
			Boiler house modernization focused on SO2 and NOx reduction: 20 projects
			Modernization of boiler house and ventilation installation: 8 projects
		Waste Management	Construction of various types of landfills: 4 projects
			Hospital waste incineration plant: 3 projects
2	Wroclaw	Water and Wastewater	Industrial wastewater treatment plants: 4 projects
			Industrial wastewater treatment plants: 3 projects
		Air	Implementation of low emission production technology : 3 projects
			Boiler house modernization focused on SO2 and NOx reduction: 9 projects
		Waste Management	Landfill construction: 11 projects
3	Warsaw	Water and Wastewater	Municipal wastewater treatment plants: 10 projects
			Industrial wastewater treatment plants: 10 projects
		Air	Implementation of low emission production technology : 1 project
			Boiler house modernization focused on SO2 and NOx reduction: 7 projects
		Noise and Vibration	Implementation of a noise monitoring system: 1 project
			Completion of acoustic screens and acoustic insulation systems: 3 projects
		Waste management	Composting plants: 3 projects
			Other types of waste management plants: 4 projects
4	Skierniewice	Water and Wastewater	Municipal wastewater treatment plant: 8 projects
		Waste management	Landfill construction: 1 project
5	Lublin	Water and Wastewater	Municipal wastewater treatment construction: 11 projects
		Air	Implementation of low emission production technology : 2 projects (large industrial plants)
		Noise and Vibration	Completion of acoustic screens and acoustic insulation systems: 3 projects
		Waste management	Municipal landfill completion: 1 project
6	Poznan	Water and Wastewater	Water management projects: 4 projects
			Wastewater treatment plants: 3 projects
		Air	Modernization of Energy/heat generating plant: 1 project
		Waste management	Landfill construction: 5 projects
7	Bydgoszcz	Water and Wastewater	Wastewater treatment plant: 11 projects
		Air	Boiler house modernization focused on SO2 and NOx reduction: 20 projects
			Implementation of low emission production technology : 4 projects (large industrial plants)
		Waste management	Process waste utilization plants: 2 projects (chemical factory and food processing plant)
			Sludge dewatering installation: 1 project
8	Slupsk	Water and Wastewater	Wastewater treatment plants: 11 projects
		Waste management	Landfill construction: 3 projects
9	Walbrzych	Water and Wastewater	Wastewater treatment plants: 13 projects
		Air	Boiler house modernization focused on SO2 and NOx reduction: 30 projects
		Noise and Vibration	Modernization of industrial installations: 3 projects
		Waste management	Landfill construction: 3 projects
10	Krakow	Water and Wastewater	Wastewater treatment plants: 14 projects
		Air	Implementation of low emission production technology : 3 projects (huge industrial plants)
			Boiler house modernization focused on SO2 and NOx reduction: 50 projects
		Noise and Vibration	Completion of acoustic screens and acoustic insulation systems: 24 projects (industrial plants of various size)
		Waste management	Waste utilization plants and old landfill recultivation: 6 projects
11	Katowice	Water and Wastewater	Municipal wastewater treatment plants and sewerage systems: total spending approx. $54,000,000
			Industrial wastewater treatment plants : total spending approx. $30,000,000
		Air	Air pollution control installations: total spending approx. $106,000,000
			Air pollution monitoring system: total spending approx. $1,300,000
			Other projects: total spending approx. $20,000,000
		Noise and Vibration	Various types of projects: total spending approx. $1,100,000.
		Waste management	Landfill construction: total spending for municipal waste landfills approx. $1,700,000; for industrial waste landfills approx. $10,530,000
			Old landfills recultivation: total spending approx. US$2,045,000
			Other projects: total spending approx. US$31,000.
12	Lodz	Water and Wastewater	Wastewater treatment plants: 6 projects
			Sewerage systems: 7 projects
			Water management investments: 3 projects
		Air	Boiler house modernization focused on SO2 and NOx reduction: 10 projects
		Waste management	Various types of waste utilization plants: 6 projects
13	Bielsk	Water and Wastewater	Wastewater treatment plants: 3 projects
		Air	Boiler house modernization focused on SO2 and NOx reduction: 3 projects

Source: Annual Voivodship reports for 1995

Public Procurement Act
Another source of business information mentioned by several respondents was the Bulletin on Public Tendering (Biuletyn Zamowien Publicznych), published monthly by the Public Tendering Office.

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OFFICE
ul. Litewska 2/4, 00-581 Warszawa,
tel. (48) 22 694 7206, or (48) 22 694 6810
Internet address: http://www.urm.gov.pl//uzp/iuzpa.html
According to the Polish Public Procurement Act, if a project is financed, or partly financed, from public sources, a “Bid Invitation” must be published in the Bulletin on Public Tendering. Various types of projects, including environmental, are presented in the Bulletin; contact point for further project information and tendering procedures is included in the Bulletin. Domestic companies or joint ventures of Polish & foreign companies are given priority in bids evaluation.

Note: The Web site includes current issues of Bulletins of Public Procurement, in Polish

In 1995, expenditures regulated under the Act on Public Procurement exceeded the equivalent of 4 billion US Dollars. The Act on Public Procurement intends for investors to solicit and select the “best offer” when they spend public money on goods, services and construction. The Law was enacted in 1994, and amended in mid-1995.
The Act creates a uniform public procurement system and introduces a precisely described legal framework for competition among entities pursuing public contracts. The Act mandates fair, equal treatment, full open competition, and, clear, precise disclosure of information. It prescribes detailed record-keeping and written documents, and mandates firm, binding offers and contracts. The Act creates a central information source, the Office of Public Procurement and establishes a national publication, the Bulletin of Public Procurement, for announcing procurement opportunities and disseminating other procurement information.
Specifically, the Act requires open announcement of procurement opportunities in a national Public Procurement Bulletin, and prescribes specific requirements for tender documents to ensure equal access to information about each investment. Tender documents must disclose the essential specifications of the purchase, the rules of the procurement proceeding and the terms and conditions of the proposed contract. Offers must be opened and announced at the same time, in the presence of the bidders. Records of the procurement proceedings must be maintained and disclosed (with few exceptions).
The Act requires disclosure to all interested competitors of communications between the procuring entity and any competitor and disclosure of the procuring entity's response to requests for clarification of the procurement documents. Equal access to records of the proceeding is also guaranteed. The Act also creates an enforcement mechanism. The protest and appeal process provides
competitors procedural recourse to contest the conduct of a procurement proceeding and redress harm resulting from errors or unfair treatment
In its intent, the Act encourages full and open competition. Unlimited Tendering, a procedure open to all potential competitors, is declared the preferred process. Other procedures may be used only in limited circumstances and only with the approval of the Chairman of the Office of Public Procurement if the procurement is valued over 200,000 ECU. Conditions for using Limited Tendering, Two-stage Tendering, Negotiations-with-Retaining-Competition, Request-for-Quotations and Single-Source procedures are defined in the Act Specific relevant excerpts include:
Art. 15
1. In public procurements valued less than 20,000 ECU and in public procurements financed with less than 20,000 ECU in public funds, unlimited tendering procedures are not obligatory and the following requirements of this Act shall not apply: the requirements related to publication of announcements in the Bulletin of Public Procurement, written procedures, official records of proceedings, specification of essential provision of the procurement, time periods and deadlines, tender security (wadium), and protests and appeals.
2. If the amount of the procurement exceeds 200,000 ECU, the selection of a procurement procedure other than unlimited tendering requires approval by the Chairman of the Office.
Art. 18
1. Domestic as well as foreign suppliers and contractors shall be able to participate in procurement proceedings on an equal basis according to the provisions of this Act.
2. If the value of the procurement does not exceed the amount referenced in Art. 15, paragraph 1, the procuring entity may limit participation in a procurement proceeding solely to domestic suppliers or contractors, and foreign suppliers or contractors that have a branch or representative office in Poland.
3. If the subject matter of the procurement is comprised of services or construction on the territory of Poland, the procuring entity may request that the entire work covered by the procurement be performed with domestic entities, raw materials and products.
4. When applying national preferences in a procurement proceeding, the procuring entity shall inform the suppliers and contractors about the national preference when it starts the procurement procedure. The declaration regarding the national preference cannot be changed thereafter. (....)
Note that 1 ECU = 1.17 USD, as of March 1997. Further information, including the Bulletins of Public Procurement, are available from the Internet at the following address: http://www.urm.gov.pl//uzp/iuzpa.html.
The List of 80
Another important source of information on potential business opportunities is the so-called List of 80 (Lista 80). Prepared and maintained by the State Environmental Inspection (PIOS) since January 1990, the list includes industrial companies which have been declared particularly damaging to the environment. Their compliance with environmental regulations and with the conditions stipulated in their operation permits is under a special scrutiny from the PIOS and its regional offices (WIOS)
Currently, the List of 80 includes some 70 companies. About half of the listed companies do not comply with air emission regulations. In 36 plants, excessive emissions result from energy generation, while in 42 plants they are caused by technological processes. In all the plants which exceed air emission levels as a result of power and energy generation, control of SO2 and particulates emissions is the major problem. In the technological process-related problems, specific issues vary from plant to plant.
Thirty-six plants discharge excessive pollution loads in wastewater. Two specific problem areas are the discharge of saline waters from mining activities, and excessive water consumption for production processes.
Fifty-three plants have identified waste management violations, mainly related to improper waste storage sites (past and present), excessive waste generation, and the lack of proper waste treatment. The major problem with storage sites is leachate draining to surrounding soil. Another significant issue is the low degree of high-volume waste utilization, i.e. waste reuse.
Finally, 9 plants exceeded allowable noise levels.
The four major industrial branches represented on the List of 80, and critical problems within each sector are presented below.

Chemical industry (about 20 plants) - gaseous emissions (fluor, H2S, NOx, ammonia, PVC), waste management (hazardous waste, phosphogypsum, improper incineration), wastewater
Power and heat generation plants (12 plants) - air emissions of particulates, SO2 and NOx
Metal smelters - (5 plants) - waste storage, gas and particulate emissions
Cement industry (4 plants) - particulate emissions from rotary kilns.

The List of 80 is regularly updated, with some companies taken off the list, and others added to it, based on the criteria specified in a May ‘94 regulation. In general, the companies on the list are mainly large industrial plants, which are forced to invest significant amounts of money to improve their environmental performance, and thus can be a likely large-scale environmental technology buyer. The latest (as of mid-1996) List of 80 is included in Appendix D.
Regional Environmental Inspectorates (WIOS) also maintain their own Lists specifying major polluters in the region. Currently, there are about 800 companies listed in voivodship lists.

Sources of Information on Available Environmental Technologies

Responding to the question on sources of information about environmental technologies when considering a purchase, a vast majority of interviewees agreed that there is no central clearinghouse or similar source gathering information on environmental technologies available in Poland. It is also clear from the responses that governmental organizations, R&D institutes, and professional associations, etc. are not seen as useful sources of potential information.
The common sources listed and discussed by the respondents were:

person-to-person contacts and discussions
brochures and leaflets distributed at trade shows
catalogues and information books purchased during the shows, fairs and conferences
office visits of manufacturer’s representatives
design bureaus offering technical information

Two respondents mentioned Voivodship authorities and Environmental Funds as assisting with technology information. Only one respondent indicated consulting companies as a potential source, which shows the low degree of confidence in consulting services in Poland. Also, only one respondent mentioned an R&D institution specializing in his sector as a potential source of information.
It should be noted that, in Poland, there are no effective commercial and professional associations which in many countries are a cost-effective source of information on available environmental technologies. Not a single respondent listed trade or professional associations, or the Chamber of Commerce. To the best knowledge of the researcher, neither an “Annual Buyers Guide” nor an equivalent of the US “Thomas Register” are published in Poland.
Since environmental trade fairs and professional conferences play a key role in the dissemination of information on environmental technology offer, a complete list of environment-related fairs planned for 1997 is provided in Table 4.23.

Table 4.23: List of Environment-related Trade Shows and Fairs in 1997

Name of Fair City Date of Event Focus

CIEPLO Gdansk February 5-8 Energy-saving and heating

INTERECO Katowice March 5-7 Environmental fair

ECOTECH Kielce March 13-15 Environmental protection technologies

SALMED Poznan March 18-21 International Health & Safety Fairs

EKO-INSTAL Bydgoszcz April 3-5 Utility installations

EKO-ENERGY-EXPO Bydgoszcz April 3-5 Int'l Fair of Devices & Systems

TARG-EKO Wroclaw April 17-19 Ecology fairs

ECOENERGIA 97 Gdynia April 22-24 Environmental protection issues

ELTARG Katowice May 21-24 Electricity, power engineering

NURT 97 Torun May 21-22 Waste,environmental hazards

WOD-KAN Bydgoszcz May 21-23 Water supply & sewage systems

MTP Poznan June 15-20 Engineering industry

SIMMEX Katowice September 8-12 Mining, power generation

SAWO Bydgoszcz September 23-26 Work safety equipment

EKO-ARMA Bialystok October 9-11 Environmental protection tech

TERM Warsaw November 18-21 Heating systems

KOMEX Poznan November 25-28 Municipal maintenance equip

POLEKO Poznan November 25-28 International environmental fairs

POLEKO, the largest fair for pollution control technologies in Poland (and in the CEE region) is held in Poznan every November. The Fair, with some 570 exhibitors in 1996, presents a full range of environmental technologies. Representatives of major national organizations (e.g. Ministry of Environment, National Environmental Protection Fund, Ekofundusz, Bank for Environmental Protection) also participate. Finally, a number of environment-related conferences and seminars are held during the Poleko fair.
WOD-KAN Fair in Bydgoszcz (annually in April/May) focuses on technologies and materials used in sewerage systems. ECOENERGIA is the major fair focusing on the power generation sector. SALMED is the main commercial event dealing with health & safety issues. Finally, MTP (Miedzynarodowe Targi Poznanskie) is thelargest annual international trade event in Poland. Even though its main focus is on engineering industry, and power, transport, and construction sectors (not specifically on the environment), given its significance the Fair was included in the table. Contacts to organizers of the above listed fairs are provided in Table 4.24.
Useful Contacts
Table 4.24 provides a list of useful contacts for information on environmental situation and project opportunities in Poland.

Table 4.24: Useful Contacts

Government Institutions

Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry
ul. Wawelska 52/54
00-922 Warsaw,
tel: (48-22) 250-001, 254-001
Stanislaw Zelichowski, Minister
tel: (48-22) 253-355, 251-111
Andrzej Walewski, Chief Environmental Inspector
tel. (48) 22 253-325
Czeslaw Wieckowski, Director, Dept. of Environmental Policy
tel. (48) 22 254-784
Wojciech Jaworski, Director, Dept. of Air and Soil Protection
tel. (48) 22 258-973
Mieczyslaw Ostojski, Director, Dept of International Cooperation
tel. (48) 22 251-133
Leszek Baginski, Director, Dept of Water Resources Management
tel. (48) 22 254-478

Ministry of Industry and Commerce
ul. Wspolna 4
00-926 Warsaw
Andrzej Pierzak, Director, Department of Fuels and Energy
tel: (48-22) 628-0801
fax: (48-22) 625-4842

Ministry of Privatization
ul. Krucza 36
00-525 Warsaw
Artur Wask, Director, Department of International Cooperation
tel: (48-22) 628-1190
fax: (48-22) 628-1190

Ministry of Finance
ul. Swietokrzyska 12
00-915 Warsaw
Wieslaw Szczuka, Director, Foreign Department
tel: (48-22) 694-3879
fax: (48-22) 266-544

Central Statistical Office (CUS)
Al. Niepodleglosci 208
00-925 Warsaw
Wieslawa Domanska
tel: (48-22) 608-3562
fax: (48-22) 608-3182

Central Office of Planning
Pl. Trzech Krzyzy 3/5
00-507 Warsaw
Andrzej Pyszkowski, General Manager,
Department of Regional Politics and Spatial Policy
tel: (48-22) 621-9518
fax: (48-22) 693-5059

Funding Institutions

National Environmental Protection Fund
ul. Konstruktorska 3a
02-673 Warsaw
Ms. Janina Zelazo
tel. (48) 22-490-080; or 482-111
fax. (48) 22-49-72-72

Ekofundusz
ul. Belwederska 18A
00-762 Warsaw
Mr. Jozef Dobija, Public Relations
tel. (48) 22-400-901
fax. (48) 22-400-942

Bank for Environmental Protection (BOS)
ul. Przasnyska 6A
01-756 Warszawa
Ms. Jolanta Bledowska,
Foreign Department
tel. (48) 22-633-3474
fax. (48) 22-639-5249

World Bank Resident Mission
INTRACO I Building
17th Floor, 2 Stawki Street
00-913 Warsaw
Mr. Paul Knotter
tel: (48-22) 635-0553
fax: (48-22) 635-9857

International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Warsaw Corporate Center, 8th Floor
ul. Emilii Plater 28
00-688 Warsaw
Mr. John H. Stevenson
tel: (48-22) 630-3444
fax: (48-22) 630-3445

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
Warsaw
Mr. Alain Pilloux
tel. (48) 22 630-7275
fax. (48) 22 630-6551

Monitoring and Enforcement

State Environmental Protection Inspectorate
Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection
ul. Wawelska 52/54
00-972 Warsaw
Andrzej Walewski, Chief Inspector of Environmental Protection
tel: (48-22) 253-325
fax: (48-22) 250-465
e-mail: GIOS@warman.kom.pl
Zbigniew Kamienski, Head, Control Team
tel: (48-22) 251-424
fax: (48-22) 250-466
e-mail: GIOS@warma

State Environmental Protection Inspectorate
Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection
ul. Wawelska 52/54
00-972 Warsaw
Barbara Kuroczko, Director, Monitoring Department
tel: (48-22) 251-112
fax: (48-22) 254-129

Institute of Environmental Protection
00-548 Warsaw
Krucza str. 5/11
Prof. Barbara Gworek, Director
tel. (48-22) 621-36-70
fax (48-22) 629-52-63
e-mail: ios@plearn.edu.pl

Institute of Environmental Protection
ul. Krucza 5/11
00-548 Warsaw
Grazyna Mitosek (Air)
tel: (48-22) 334-241 w. 43
fax: (48-22) 336-928
http://ciuw.warman.net.pl/alf/ios

Institute of Environmental Protection - Basic Monitoring
ul. Kolektorska 4
01-692 Warsaw
Hanna Soszka (surface water quality)
tel: (48-22) 334-241, ext. 54
fax: (48-22) 336-928

Institute of Environmental Protection
ul Kolektorska 4
01-692 Warsaw
Radoslaw Kucharski (Noise)
tel: (48-22) 334-242, ext. 25
fax: (48-22) 336-928

Institute for Occupational Medicine
ul. Teresy 8
90-950 Lodz
Janusz Swiatczak (indoor air)
tel: (48-42) 314-572
fax: (48 42) 314-562
e-mail: z4mur@krysia.uni.lodz.pl

Central Laboratory of Radiological Protection
ul. Konwaliowa 7
03-194 Warsaw
Jan Jagielak (radioactive contamination)
tel/fax: (48-22) 111-616
e-mail: clorzii@ikp.atm.com.pl

Institute of Soil Science and Cultivation of Plants
Osada Palacowa
24-100 Pulawy
Henry K. Terelak
tel: (48-81) 863-421, ext. 311
fax: (48-81) 864-547

State Nuclear Agency
ul. Krucza 36
00-921 Warsaw
Zofia Waclawek (radioactive waste)
tel:(48-22) 629-8152, 628-2722
fax: (48-22) 629-0164

Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
ul. W. Stwosza 31
40-032 Katowice Wojciech Szczepanski (surface water quality)
tel: (48-32) 518-462
fax: (48-32) 511-815

Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Wroclaw Division
ul. Parkowa 30
56-616 Wroclaw
Rafalina Korol (rivers)
tel (48-71) 216-606, ext. 21, 210-948
fax: (48-71) 211 446

Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Poznan Division
ul. Dabrowskiego 174/176
60-594 Poznan
Jerzy Janczak(surface water quality)
tel: (48-61) 411-621 ext. 30
fax: (48-61) 475-440

Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Marine Division in Gdynia
ul. Waszyngtona 42
81-342 Gdynia
Zbigniew Dziadziuszko
tel: (48-58) 203-194
fax: (48-58) 207-101
e-mail: dziadziu@stratus.imgw.gdynia.pl

Institute of Ecology of Industrial Areas
ul. Kossutha 6
40-833 Katowice
Ms. Ewa Marchwinska
tel (48) 32 154 6031
fax (48) 32 154 1717

State Geological Institute
ul. Rakowiecka 4
00-911 Warsaw
Tadeusz Hordejuk (ground water)
tel: (48-22) 495-351, ext. 551
fax: (48-22) 495-342

Other organizations

UNEP Infoterra National Focal Point
Institute for Environmental Protection
ul. Krucza 5./11
00 548 Warsaw
Janusz Radziejowski
tel: (48-22) 629-5263
fax: (48-22) 295-263
e-mail: iosradz@plearn.edu.pl

UNEP GRID Project (Global Resource Information Database)
ul. Merliniego 9
02-511 Warsaw
Marek Baranowski
tel: (48-22) 488-561, 627-4623
fax: (48-22) 488-561
e-mail: GRIDW@PLEARN.bitnet

PAKTO S.A.
US partner: TRC Companies, Mass.
(617) 356-2577
Mr. Marek Krysiak
tel.fax (48) 22 629-1481
email: 756-4488@mcimail.com

National Energy Conservation Agency (KAPE)
ul.Wsp�lna 4
00-926 Warszawa tel. (48) 22 621 65 21; 661 91 16
fax. (48) 22 661 91 17

Fundation for Promotion of Clean Technologies
ul. Rewolucji 19O5 r. nr 29 m 19
9O-214 Lodz
Mr. Piotr Pelka
tel./fax (48) 42.325.3O7

Warsaw Technical University
Dept. of Environmental Engineering
ul. Nowowiejska 20
00-653 Warsaw
Mr. Piotr Manczarski (waste mgmt)
tel. (48) 48.22.660-5420
fax. (48) 48.22.660-5305

Institute for Sustainable Development
ul. Lowicka 31
02-502 WarsawMr. Andrzej Kassenberg
tel. (48) 22.451.055
fax. (48) 22.253.461

PCBC (Polish Center for Testing and Certification)
ul. Klobucka 23A
02-699 Warsaw
Certification Department:
Mr Andrzej Rostkowski, Director
tel. (48 22) 43 00 59
fax (48 22) 647 12 22

Chambers of Commerce and Trade Associations

Chamber of Commerce for the Power Generation Sector and Environment
ul. Krucza 6/14
00-950 Warszawa
Mr. Slawomir Krystek, Director
tel. (48) 22-621-6572, 621-0281 xt 320
fax. (48) 22-621-6572

Foreign Investor’s Chamber of Industry and Commerce
Krakowskie Przedmiescie 47/51
00-071 Warsaw
tel. (48) 22 311-764; 272-234
fax. (48) 22 268-593

Chamber of Commerce of Exporters and Importers
ul. Bema 65
01-244 Warsaw
tel/fax. (48) 22 632-6872

Chamber of Chemical Industry
(Izba Przemyslu Chemicznego)
ul. Zurawia 6/12
00-503 Warszawa
tel: (48-22) 628-2051
tel: (48-22) 628-2572
fax:(48-22) 625-3178

Chamber of Commerce for the Energy Sector and Environmental Protection
ul. Panska 85
00-837 Warszawa
tel: (48-22) 656-1288

Business Leaders Forum w Polsce
ul. Mokotowska 49 room 304
00-542 Warsaw
Ms. Cynthia Barlow Marrs
tel. (48) 22.6600.493
fax. (48) 22.6600.495

Chief Technical Organizaton NOT
ul. Czackiego 3/5
00-043 Warszawa
tel: (48-22) 267-421
tel: (48-22) 268-456

Association of Engineers and Technicians of Chemical Industry
ul. Czackiego 3/5, pok. 301
00-043 Warszawa
tel: (48-22) 827-7896

Polish Sanitary Engineers and Technicians Association
ul. Czackiego 3/5 00-043
Warszawa
tel: (48-22) 262-894
tel: (48-22) 827-0263

Association of Land Melioration Engineers and Technicians
ul. Czackiego 3/5, pok 128
00-043 Warszawa
tel: (48-22) 827-3878

Association of Polish Mechanical Engineers and Technicians SIMP
ul. Swietokrzyska 14a,
00-049 Warszawa
tel: (48-22) 827-1768

National Chamber of Commerce - Foreign Promotion Office
ul. Trebacka 4,
00-074 Warszawa
tel: (48-22) 260-123

Major Trade Fair Organizers

Wod-Kan Trade Fair
Izba Gospodarcza Wodociagi Polskie
ul. Sielanka 18, 85-073 Bydgoszcz
tel. (48) 52-287-828
fax. (48) 52-226-294

Intereco Fair
Miedzynarodowe Targi Katowickie
Bytkowska 1b, 40-955 Katowice
tel. (48) 32-596-061 to -7
fax. (48) 32-588-919

PolEko and International Trade Fair Poznan (MTP)
Miedzynarodowe Targi Poznanskie
Glogowska 14, 60-734 Poznan
tel. (48) 61-692-592
fax. (48) 61-665-827

Demand for Environmental Technologies

The objectives of this part of the survey were to examine the level of demand in Poland for specific environmental technologies, and to determine technologies in highest demand. The other objective was to identify the major end-users of environmental technologies.
Demand for Environmental Technologies - Overview
In a majority of technology and media categories, the expected demand for environmental technologies was ranked between moderate and high. However, several technologies were identified where highest, and rapidly growing demand, is expected.
Overall, high demand was identified for technologies related to the energy sector, and water and wastewater treatment, followed by waste management technologies. This is closely related to the current Polish environmental policy and regulations, where the major priority areas are air pollution control and protection of water resources (for more details, see discussion in Chapter 3.3).
Demand in the air sector was moderate. High demand was identified for technologies related to abatement of air emissions and cleaner production. Growing demand was expected for technologies for air pollution control and flue gas purification. Most frequently noted were state-of-the-art systems to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide, dust and particulates, nitrogen monoxides, and hazardous chemicals. Growing demand was also identified for instrumentation and process control technologies.
High demand was identified for energy-related technologies. Specific technologies in high demand included new/efficient energy and heat generation systems, equipment for retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems, technologies related to heat recovery and energy savings, and process management and control equipment. Technologies related to the use of alternative/ renewable energy sources were in high demand in the power and energy generation sector.
Among technologies in the municipal and industrial wastewater sector, high demand was identified for those technologies related to sludge treatment and disposal (very high demand); technologies for pollution prevention and waste minimization; monitoring equipment; advanced (tertiary) wastewater treatment technologies; and instrumentation, process control and software. Technologies for cleanup, quality restoration, and decontamination of surface and groundwater were also in high demand.
In the waste management sector, high demand in all waste categories was expected for technologies related to pollution prevention and waste minimization, and recycling and resource recovery. For municipal waste, composting and biomass conversion technologies were identified as a high demand area. Technologies for collection, transportation, and storage of hazardous waste, and equipment for decontamination, site remediation, and cleanup of contaminated land for radioactive waste were also in high demand.
Demand for technologies related to noise, vibration and occupational health and safety was moderate. The following section discusses the expected demand in more detail. The analysis of the responses in each table is followed by a short commentary comparing the conclusions with the objectives of the national environmental policy.
Technologies in Demand by Category
The following tables summarize and discuss expert responses to the question on demand for specific environmental technologies. The following scale was used in ranking : 5 - highest, and rapidly growing demand, 4 - high demand, likely to grow, 3 - moderate, slowly growing demand, 2 - low demand, will not grow, 1 - very low and decreasing demand, blank - no opinion.
Figures in cells show the average score, while those in brackets represent the number of responses. Demand for air-related technologies was identified to be moderate. Table 4.25 presents details of responses. Overall, technologies related to gaseous emissions were in somewhat higher demand than technologies related to ambient air.

Table 4.25: Demand for Environmental Technologies - Air

Ambient Air Gaseous Emissions

Air sampling / laboratory analysis 3.4 (10) 3.3 (12)

Continuous-basis monitoring 3.3 (12) 3.3 (13)

Air pollution control / flue gas purification equipment 3.7 (7) 3.7 (14)

Gas detection/warning devices 3.2 (7) 3.5 (9)

Emission abatement / cleaner production (e.g. low emission burners) 3.8 (7) 4.2 (13)

Instrumentation and process control 3.4 (7) 3.5 (13)

Technologies in high demand: #1 Emission abatement/ cleaner production (gaseous emissions)
Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #2 Air pollution control/flue gas purification equipment (gaseous emissions); #3 Instrumentation and process control (gaseous emissions)

NOTE: Technologies related to gaseous emissions include technologies concentrating on emissions from pollution sources (focus on the emitter); ambient air related technologies are designed for monitoring emissions into the atmosphere (focus on the receiving air). Therefore, conceptually, air pollution control and emission abatement technologies are not applicable in the “ambient air” category. However, about half of respondents still answered this question, which suggests that they either interpreted “ambient air” from the workplace safety point of view, or were just uncertain about the meaning of the term.
High demand was expected for technologies related to the abatement of air emissions and cleaner production (such as low-emission burners, etc.). Growing demand was expected for technologies for air pollution control and flue gas purification. Most frequently noted were state-of-the-art systems to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide, dust and particulates, nitrogen monoxides, and hazardous chemicals. This situation is determined by the national environmental policy, targeting two main types of air pollution:

flue gases from coal-fired heat and energy generation plants;
process emissions from industrial plants, mainly from different types of chemical processing plants.

It is worth noting that many respondents from the targeted industrial sectors mentioned above also indicated high demand for technologies in the Energy category. Finally, growing demand was identified for instrumentation and process control technologies. This seems to result from the approach to reducing emissions by improving process control rather than by expensive retrofitting or changing technological lines altogether. Finally, growing demand was also identified for gas detection and warning devices.
Based on the priorities in the national environmental policy, demand for some environmental technologies is expected to increase as the following planned projects are implemented across the country:

modernization of industrial technological processes;
modernization of coal-fired boilers, including switching to gas and oil in small and medium size plants, or implementation of fluidized bed boilers in large plants;
construction of installations for reduction of dust and gaseous emissions (currently, most demanded are technologies for sulfur dioxide removal).

New air emission standards will be enforced in Poland from January 1, 1998 (the Ordinance Act was issued in 1990). As a majority of large heat and energy generating plants (and most medium-size boiler houses at industrial plants and municipalities) are coal-fired, reducing SO2 and NOx emissions is, and will remain, one of the most important project areas in Poland.
According to best knowledge of the researcher, highly effective technologies for SOx and NOx removal are not widely used in Poland, and generally, desulfurization installations are based on imported products. It was often noted by respondents that there are many foreign companies active on the Polish market which offer various air protection technologies, but the prices of offered installations are very often prohibitively high.
Water and Wastewater
Demand for water and wastewater technologies was high. Table 4.26 presents responses to the question on technology demand in the category water and wastewater. Comparison of responses across five media shows that expected demand for technologies in the water and wastewater sector (and for energy-related technologies) was higher than in the sectors air, waste management, and noise, vibration and OHS. Overall, identified demand was higher for technologies related to municipal and industrial wastewater than for those used in drinking water treatment, and protection of surface and groundwater resources.

Table 4.26: Demand for Environmental Technologies - Water and Wastewater

	Surface and Ground Water	Portable (Drinking) Water	Municipal Wastewater	Industrial Wastewater
Monitoring	3.5 (14)	3.4 (10)	4.2 (9)	4.1 (15)
Sampling/laboratory analysis	3.2 (12)	3.0 (11)	3.7 (9)	3.3 (13)
Construction of collection/supply networks	3.1 (6)	3.5 (9)	3.4 (10)	3.3 (12)
Inspection & reconditioning of existing supply & collection networks	3.2 (4)	3.7 (7)	3.4 (9)	3.5 (10)
Standard physical, chemical and biological treatment processes	3.4 (10)	3.2 (7)	3.7 (13)	3.7 (16)
Advanced (tertiary) treatment processes (e.g. UV/ozonation,activated carbon,phosphate removal,reverse osmosis	3.6 (5)	3.8 (6)	4.2 (9)	4.0 (13)
Sludge treatment and disposal	3.6 (5)	3.6 (3)	4.7 (11)	4.3 (16)
Pollution prevention/waste minimization	3.5 (4)	3.2 (4)	4.3 (10)	4.2 (14)
Water recycling and reuse	3.0 (9)	3.6 (5)	3.8 (5)	3.9 (12)
Spill control and containment/cleanup	4.1 (7)	3.8 (5)	3.6 (6)	3.7 (14)
Quality restoration and decontamination	3.8 (9)	3.0 (1)	3.0 (2)	3.4 (5)
Instrumentation/process control/software	3.1 (7)	3.3 (6)	4.2 (4)	4.0 (8)

Technologies in high demand: #1 Sludge treatment and disposal (municipal and industrial wastewater); #2 Pollution prevention/ waste minimization (municipal and industrial wastewater); #3 Monitoring (municipal and industrial wastewater); #4 Advanced (tertiary) treatment processes (municipal and industrial wastewater); #5 Instrumentation/ process control/software (municipal and industrial wastewater); #6 Cleanup, quality restoration, and decontamination (surface and groundwater).
Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #7 Water recycling and reuse (municipal and industrial wastewater); #8 Advanced (tertiary) drinking water treatment; #9 Spill control and containment (municipal and industrial wastewater); #10 standard wastewater treatment processes (municipal and industrial wastewater); #11 Inspection and reconditioning of existing water supply networks
Among technologies in the municipal and industrial wastewater sector, high demand was identified for those technologies related to sludge treatment and disposal; pollution prevention and waste minimization; monitoring equipment; advanced (tertiary) wastewater treatment technologies; and instrumentation, process control and software. Technologies for cleanup, quality restoration, and decontamination of surface and groundwater were also in high demand.
Increasing demand in the municipal and industrial wastewater sector was expected for technologies related to water recycling and reuse; spill control and containment equipment; and standard wastewater treatment technologies. Other areas where a significant growth in demand was expected include equipment for inspection and reconditioning of existing water supply networks, and technologies related to advanced (tertiary) drinking water treatment.
It should be noted that conventional wastewater treatment technologies are readily available on the Polish market, and, therefore, most demanded are advanced and specialized wastewater treatment technologies (e.g., tertiary treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, manure treatment etc.)
High demand was frequently noted for technologies related to wastewater sludge management, which is still a major unresolved issue in Poland. Several respondents mentioned the need to provide adequate wastewater management in rural areas.
Demand for drinking water technologies was generally moderate. Two areas in somewhat higher demand were identified in this group: inspection and reconditioning of existing supply networks, and advanced water treatment methods (e.g. UV/ozonation, activated carbon). The demand was driven by the generally poor technical state of existing water distribution infrastructure, and by the widespread use of surface water for drinking water supply. Most of municipal water supply in Poland is based on the use of water from heavily polluted rivers, and standard water treatment technologies are often unable to remove many of the pollutants.
Finally, demand for technologies for the protection of surface and groundwater resources was high and expected to grow in the categories spill control and containment/ cleanup, and quality restoration and decontamination.
Perhaps surprisingly, given the current technical condition of existing infrastructure, expected demand was moderate for technologies for the construction of collection and supply networks and reconditioning of existing systems.
Waste Management
High demand was identified for waste-related technologies. Table 4.27 presents details of responses.

Table 4.27: Demand for Environmental Technologies - Waste Management

	Municipal Waste	Industrial Waste	Hazardous Waste	Radioactive Waste
Waste collection/transportation and storage	3.9 (10)	3.5 (14)	4.0 (12)	2.8 (7)
Sample analysis/waste characterization	3.1 (9)	3.0 (12)	3.3 (11)	2.6 (5)
Site monitoring	3.3 (12)	3.4 (14)	3.9 (12)	3.1 (6)
Landfill disposal	3.7 (10)	3.4 (12)	2.6 (9)	3.2 (5)
Incineration	3.2 (9)	3.0 (11)	3.5 (8)	2.5 (2)
Composting/biomass conversion	4.4 (9)	3.1 (7)	2.6 (3)	4.0 (1)
Pollution prevention and waste minimization	3.9 (10)	4.5 (13)	4.3 (11)	4.2 (4)
Recycling/resource recovery	4.3 (11)	4.3 (13)	4.1 (9)	4.0 (3)
Spillage control/decontamination	3.5 (7)	3.7 (11)	3.8 (11)	4.3 (3)
Site remediation/cleanup of contaminated land	3.5 (7)	3.4 (11)	3.7 (10)	4.3 (3)

Technologies in high demand: #1 Pollution prevention and waste minimization (all waste categories); #2 Composting/biomass conversion (municipal solid waste); #3 Recycling/resource recovery (all waste categories); #4 Decontamination, site remediation, and cleanup of contaminated land for radioactive waste; #5 Hazardous waste collection, transportation and storage.
Technologies where demand is expected to rise: #6 Hazardous waste site monitoring; #7 Municipal waste collection, transportation, and storage; #8 Site remediation/cleanup (hazardous and industrial waste); #10 Landfill disposal of municipal waste.
Among technologies for waste management, high demand in all waste categories was identified for technologies related to pollution prevention and waste minimization, and recycling and resource recovery. The highest need was identified for technologies for industrial and hazardous waste, (with mining waste, phosphogypsum, and PET waste indicated as severe problem areas). The preventive approach to waste management was also reflected by the lower level of demand for incineration and landfill disposal technologies (demand was moderate). It is worth noting that, in Poland, public attitude towards waste incineration is generally negative, while the development of new landfill sites is hampered by frequent opposition from local communities.
High demand was also identified for composting/biomass conversion equipment for municipal solid waste; equipment for decontamination, site remediation, and cleanup of contaminated land for radioactive waste; and technologies related to hazardous waste collection, transportation and storage.
Increasing demand was expected for equipment for hazardous waste site monitoring; technologies related to municipal waste collection, transportation, and storage; hazardous and industrial waste site remediation/cleanup equipment, and technologies for landfill disposal of municipal waste.
For municipal waste, technologies related to composting and biomass conversion, and recycling and resource recovery were expected to be in high demand, along with technologies for waste collection, transportation and storage. Currently, there are a number of pilot projects under implementation (e.g. Warsaw, Gdansk) to increase the amount of composted municipal waste.
As regards hazardous waste, demand was high for site monitoring equipment, and for waste collection, transportation and storage technologies. Interestingly, hazardous waste was the only category where demand for incineration technologies was relatively high, which results from current problems with the disposal of hospital waste. High demand was also identified for technologies related to pollution prevention and waste minimization, and recycling/ resource recovery for both hazardous and industrial waste.
Finally, other areas where demand was increasing included technologies for spillage control and decontamination, and site remediation and cleanup for industrial, hazardous, and radioactive waste.
As for radioactive waste, the identified demand was generally high, especially for equipment for decontamination, and site remediation and cleanup technologies.
Upcoming Waste Act
A significant impact on waste management practices (and market opportunities) will result from the pending Waste Act (expected to be passed by the Parliament in the Spring `97). The key provisions in the Act are:

waste prevention will become the main priority in waste management, followed by waste utilization, treatment and disposal;
duty of care will be placed upon the producer / product distributor. Waste management priorities should be reflected in a company’s comprehensive waste management plan, which is subject to approval of the environmental authorities;
waste registration requirement will be introduced in industrial companies. Waste monitoring will be based on a comprehensive waste classification system comparable with European Waste Classification;
hazardous waste shall be, if technically and economically possible, treated and re-used at source. Detailed regulations on waste disposal will be introduced. Hazardous waste should be disposed of in special facilities or designated compartments of municipal landfills;
chemical waste will most likely be explicitly preferred for recycling/recovery;
progressing fee scale will be introduced. By the year 2000, waste disposal fees and fines may increase by up to 30% above the inflation level.

It is also expected that significant changes in packaging waste management requirements will result from the upcoming Waste Act:

paper, cardboard and plastic packaging will be included in the list of recyclable wastes preferred for reuse. Businesses will be required to use multiple-use packaging instead of one-way wrappings. The use of the latter will be allowed only if companies provide adequate waste treatment;
duty of care for packaging of hazardous substances will be placed on producers and distributing companies;
identification labels for plastics will be introduced to facilitate separation and recycling.

Energy
Overall, expected demand for energy-related technologies was highest in Poland. Table 4.28 presents details of responses. Expected demand for energy-related technologies was evaluated to be between high and very high, with a strong growth tendency. Interestingly, the distribution of responses and identified high demand areas were similar in both categories: “power generation sector” and “other industrial branches.”

Table 4.28: Demand for Environmental Technologies - Energy

	Energy and Power Generation	Other Industrial Sectors
New/efficient energy and heat generation systems	4.5 (4)	4.6 (8)
Retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems	4.4 (5)	4.1 (11)
Process management & control (e.g. tune-ups, process optimization)	4.3 (3)	4.1 (10)
Heat recovery and energy savings (e.g. insulation)	4.3 (3)	4.2 (10)
Alternative/renewable energy systems (e.g. geothermal, biomass, solar)	4.0 (3)	3.3 (8)
Alternative (non-CFC) refrigerants	2.6 (3)	3.1 (8)
Instrumentation	2.5 (2)	2.8 (8)

Technologies in high demand: #1 New/efficient energy and heat generation systems ; #2 Retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems; #3 Heat recovery and energy savings; #4 Process management and control; #5 alternative / renewable energy systems for the energy sector.
Specific technologies in high demand included: new/efficient energy and heat generation systems, equipment for retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems, technologies related to heat recovery and energy savings, and process management and control equipment. Technologies related to the use of alternative/ renewable energy sources were in high demand in the power and energy generation sector.
As discussed in the section on air protection technologies, national environmental policy is targeting two main categories of air pollution: flue gases from coal-fired heat and energy generation plants, and process emissions from industrial plants, mainly from different types of chemical processing plants. The most important issues which should be solved in the near future include the following:

application of new, low-emission and efficient energy/heat generation equipment;
optimization of energy/heat generation processes (including state-of-the-art process control equipment);
heat recovery and energy savings (including modern systems of insulation for building and heat distribution pipelines).

Technologies for heat recovery and energy savings were often indicated as a priority area by respondents from “other industrial sectors,” particularly from chemical industry. The production of high-efficiency technologies for the energy sector, and technologies for energy and heat recovery are priority areas for funding from the National Environment Protection Fund.
The use of alternative sources of energy was not perceived as a high demand area by respondents from “other industrial sectors.” Finally, demand was low for non-CFC refrigerants and instrumentation.
Noise, Vibration and Occupational Health and Safety
Identified demand for technologies related to noise, vibration and occupational health and safety was moderate. Table 4.29 presents details of responses.

Table 4.29: Demand for Environmental Technologies - Noise, vibration, and occupational health & safety

Noise and Vibration Occupational Health & Safety

Instrumentation/measuring and control devices 3.6 (9) 3.1 (12)

Protection equipment 3.0 (7) 3.2 (12)

Abatement (insulation, absorbtion) 3.6 (10) 3.4 (13)

Electromagnetic field exposure and other -- --

Technologies where demand is expected to rise: Noise and vibration abatement (insulation, absorbtion), and Instrumentation/measuring and control devices (noise and vibration)
Responses in category Noise, Vibration, and OHS present a somewhat contradictory picture. On the one hand, the ratings in most individual technology categories indicate moderate demand. The only areas where demand was expected to grow were technologies for the reduction of noise and vibration at industrial facilities, and instrumentation/ measuring and control devices.
On the other hand, many respondents observed that occupational health and safety issues are treated very seriously, and growing demand for modern OHS technologies can be expected. It appears likely that with the introduction of stricter OHS regulations comparable with those in the EU, and with the increased direct liability of employers for workers safety (replacing the key role of the Social Security Office), the demand for OHS equipment will indeed grow.
Not a single interviewed expert commented on the level of demand for technologies related to electromagnetic field exposure. This indicates that the problem is practically an unknown issue in Poland.
Major End-users of Environmental Technologies
Table 4.30 presents summary of responses to the question about main end-users of environmental technologies. Based on interviewee responses, major end-users of environmental technologies in Poland are municipalities and industrial plants. Three industrial branches most commonly listed as main end-users included the power and energy sector, chemical industry, and mining.

Table 4.30: Major End-users of Environmental Technologies

Category	End-users
Air	Energy and power generation sector (7); Chemical industry (3); Various types of manufacturing (3); Transport (2); Municipalities/ municipal services (1)
Water and Wastewater	Municipalities/ municipal services (6); Chemical industry (4); Various types of manufacturing (2); Energy and power generation sector (1); Mining (1)
Waste	Municipalities/ municipal services (6); Chemical industry (3); Energy and power generation sector (2); Various types of manufacturing (2); Mining (2); Research institutes (1)
Energy	Energy and power generation sector (3); Chemical industry (3); Municipalities/ municipal services (2); Mining (2); Transport (2)
Noise and Vibration and Occupational Health & Safety	Manufacturing (3); Heavy industry (2); Mining (2); Transport (2); Energy generation sector (2); Chemical industry (2)

Note: Figures in brackets represent number of responses

Municipalities (or privatized companies providing municipal services) are the main end-users of water, wastewater and waste management technologies. Notably, wastewater treatment is a field where significant increase in spending is expected in the coming years.
The energy and power generation sector is the main end-user of air quality protection technologies, and energy-related technologies. In addition, other industrial branches with high energy consumption, such as chemical industry and various manufacturing, are a significant end-user in this group. The current situation is expected to continue, partly due to the focus of national environmental policy, and partly due to stricter air emission standards effective from January 1, 1998.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Suppliers

This part of the survey focused on examining purchasing preferences of domestic buyers, determining strengths of foreign environmental technologies, and identifying major barriers to their wider entry into the Polish market.
Purchasing Preferences
Table 4.31 presents a summary of responses to the question on purchasing preferences. Responses on purchasing preference indicate that two-thirds of respondents make each purchasing decision on an individual basis, applying best-technology and best-practice approach. The key selection criteria were quality, reliability and durability of products.

Table 4.31: Summary of Responses on Purchasing Preferences

In purchasing decision, does your organization prefer to buy domestic or foreign environmental technology?

Only use best-technology or best-practice criteria 63 %

Prefer domestic products 30 %

Prefer foreign products 4 %

Other - ABB prefers its own technologies 4 %

If you buy foreign-manufactured environmental technology, do you buy from local representatives of foreign companies, or go directly to the producer abroad?

Buy from local representative in-country 68 %

Buy directly from the producer abroad 32 %

Note: Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding

About a third of respondents expressed preference for domestic environmental technology products; notably, local authorities were in the latter group.
Two thirds of respondents clearly preferred to buy from local representative offices rather than purchase directly from the manufacturer abroad. Concerns about availability of authorized/ reliable post-sales service, and the paperwork required in case of direct import were major reasons given for the preference for buying from in-country representative offices.
Strengths of Foreign Environmental Technologies
Table 4.32 presents a summary of responses to the question about strengths of foreign environmental technologies. Key strengths of foreign environmental technology products, as perceived by more than a half of the respondents, were high product quality, and reliability and durability of products. Interestingly, however, only one respondent in five indicated good value for money as a strength of foreign environmental technologies compared to domestic products. This situation indicates that price levels for foreign products are perceived as excessively high, and may also suggest that foreign purchases are considered a last resort option, i.e., when a domestic equivalent is not available.

Table 4.32: Strengths of Foreign Environmental Technologies

Within your area of expertise, what are the strengths of foreign environmental technologies compared to domestic products?

High product quality 58%

Reliability and durability of products 50%

Available credit / funding from the foreign country 38%

User-friendly and easy to operate technology 23%

Good after-sales service 23%

Easy to customize and adapt for the specific local needs 19%

Good value for money 19%

Low price --

Other --

Importantly, a preferential credit from the country of supplier seems to significantly increase the chances of selling environmental technology products in Poland - some 40% of respondents referred to preferential financing as a strength of foreign technologies. For foreign suppliers, this stance should underline the importance of preparing an attractive financing package for improving the sales of their products.
It is noteworthy that the National Environmental Protection Fund can provide the buyer of environmental technologies with financial support to cover the difference between commercial credit interest rates, and a preferential rate applied by the Fund in priority environmental projects.
Only a small proportion of respondents regarded foreign environmental technologies as user friendly and easy to customize and adapt to specific local conditions.
Perhaps most importantly, only one in five respondents thought that good after-sales service was a strength of foreign environmental technologies. Problems with ensuring prompt technical service and maintenance by authorized representatives were also ranked high among barriers to purchase. Prompt and reliable post-sales service was clearly identified as an area where foreign companies considering long-term presence on the Polish market should focus their attention.
Barriers to Buying Environmental Technologies from Abroad
Table 4.33 present summary of responses to the question on main barriers to buying environmental technologies from abroad. High price was identified as the main barrier to purchasing foreign environmental technologies in Poland - two thirds of respondents perceived foreign products as too expensive. As a result, buyers often opted for buying domestically designed and built technological lines, with only the most critical components manufactured by a foreign supplier (e.g., water and sewage pumps, specialized air pollution control systems). It is interesting to note here, however, that some environmental services (e.g., testing and laboratory services) can already be carried out cheaper by foreign providers, and a number of users subcontract services outside of the country (e.g. food industry).

Table 4.33: Barriers to Buying Foreign Environmental Technologies

What do you see as the greatest barriers to buying environmental technology from abroad?

Too expensive 65%

Little information about suppliers 35%

Difficult to ensure authorized technical service and maintenance 31%

Products not suitable for the local conditions and technical culture 23%

Lack of reliable product information 19%

Import restrictions/high customs duty 19%

Communication problems with a foreign supplier 12%

Changing environmental regulations 12%

One field which respondents clearly identified as a problem area was the access to authorized technical service and maintenance for foreign-manufactured products. In addition, one third of respondents thought that little information was available about foreign suppliers. Based on the above, and bearing in mind that two-thirds of respondents prefer to buy from a local representative, foreign companies should consider setting up a local representative office to increase sales of their products.
Finally, about a quarter of respondents thought that foreign products were not always suitable for local conditions and technical culture. Two specific cases mentioned by interviewees included compatibility problems with equipment based on metric and non-metric systems, and attempts to implement municipal waste incineration regardless of high moisture content and low calorific value of municipal waste in Poland.
Some 20 % of respondents indicated import restrictions and high customs duties as a barrier. While this difficulty is expected to be eliminated with respect to EU products until the year 2000, the same does not apply to technology suppliers from other countries.
Finally, given the fact that the level of knowledge of foreign environmental technology offer was found to be very low in Poland (see the following chapter), it is surprising that only one in five respondents indicated lack of reliable product information as an impediment to foreign purchases.

Major Foreign Suppliers in the Environmental Technology Market
This section of the survey had three objectives. First, it examined perceptions of foreign technology suppliers by the country of origin. Secondly, it surveyed major foreign companies active in Poland, as seen by respondents. Finally, information was gathered on specific experience with American environmental technologies.
Perception of Environmental Technologies From Selected Countries
Table 4.34 presents respondents’ perception of foreign technologies from selected countries, based on the answer to the question “how environmental professionals in your country perceive environmental technology from different countries ?” The following scale was used in rating: 5 = excellent reputation, 4 = good reputation, 3 = average reputation, 2 = poor reputation, 1 = very poor reputation, blank- no opinion. Figures in brackets indicate the number of responses. Figures in cells show the average score, while those in brackets represent the number of responses.

Table 4.34 Perceptions of Environmental Technologies from Selected Countries

	Poland	Austria	Germany	France	Japan	Netherlands	US	Scandinavia	Italy	UK
Air	3.0 (6)	4.0 (3)	4.6 (5)	3.0 (2)	5.0 (1)	4.0 (3)	4.4 (5)	4.3 (3)	--	--
Water & Wastewater	3.6 (8)	4.4 (5)	4.2 (8)	4.1 (6)	4.5 (4)	4.1 (6)	4.0 (9)	4.2 (8)	3.0 (1)	5.0 (1)
Waste	2.3 (6)	4.3 (3)	4.4 (5)	4.0 (3)	4.0 (1)	4.0 (4)	4.2 (5)	5.0 (3)	3.0 (1)	4.0 (1)
Energy	3.0 (4)	5.0 (1)	4.3 (3)	3.0 (1)	--	4.5 (2)	4.0 (2)	4.0 (3)	--	--
Average Score	3.0	4.43	4.4	3.53	4.50	4.15	4.15	4.38	3.00	4.50
# of responses	24	12	21	12	6	15	21	17	2	2

Note: A=Austria; D=Germany; F = France; J=Japan; NL=Holland; Scan=Scandinavia; US=United States; I=Italy; GB=Great Britain

In general, perception of foreign environmental technologies were between good and excellent. Technologies from Japan, Austria, Germany, and the US were perceived particularly high, followed by Dutch and Scandinavian products. Notably, all foreign environmental technologies were ranked well above the perceptions of domestic products, which were evaluated as average. Only in the water and wastewater sector the gap between perceptions of foreign and domestic products was relatively small.
German, Scandinavian, and American technologies were ranked particularly high in the air sector. In the category water and wastewater, technologies from Japan, Austria, the US, and Germany were ranked high, followed by products from France, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia. American, German, and Austrian technologies were best rated in the waste sector, followed by technologies from Scandinavia, France, and the Netherlands. Dutch and German technologies were highly rated in the energy sector, followed by products from the US and Scandinavia.
Most respondents indicated high perceptions of US environmental technologies in the waste management sector, followed by air, water and wastewater sector, and energy-related technologies.
Aside from the average score, the number of responses in each category is also significant, since it indirectly reflects the availability of foreign technologies on the market (and the perceived level of foreign activity). The distribution of responses indicates that, in the opinion of survey respondents, foreign activity was highest in the water and wastewater sector, followed by waste management and air sectors. German, Scandinavian, American, and Dutch environmental technology firms were perceived as most active in Poland.
The appearance of Japan high on the list is somewhat surprising to the researcher, since Japanese environmental products are hardly visible on the Polish market. There was not a single Japanese firm presenting their products at the POLEKO ’96 fair. The researcher may only surmise that perhaps some of the respondents have had experience with Japanese motor drives, electric motors, or controls made in Japan. The low rating of Italy, and high score of Great Britain are based on single data points, and thus the results should be disregarded as potentially non-representative. However, the fact that Italy and Great Britain were mentioned by only one or two respondents indicates that suppliers and firms from those two countries are not very active in Poland.
It is important to note that the above question focused on perceptions of foreign suppliers depending on the country of origin, rather than on respondents’ actual familiarity and/or experience with specific foreign companies. Therefore, while the conclusions from Table 4.34 give a good indication of commonly held opinions, and represent the perceived level of foreign activity, they do not necessarily depict the actual knowledge of the foreign offer. The following sections present the answers to a more specific question about knowledge of foreign companies and actual experience with imported environmental technologies.
Major Foreign-owned Suppliers in the Market
Answers received in response to the question: “who are the major foreign suppliers of environmental technology in Poland within your area of expertise ?” demonstrate that while a high number of experts expressed a general opinion on suppliers from various countries, much fewer were able to list specific foreign companies in their field of expertise.
Respondents named a limited number of environmental technology companies active in Poland, and the list presented below reflects the generally poor knowledge of a foreign market offer in Poland.

Table 4.35 Foreign Companies Listed by Respondents

Country	Company
Austria	Vogel Biogest Messner
Germany	ABS Klein Netzsch Bellmer Huber Siemens Steinmueller Rethmann Danfoss Schumacher
Scandinavia	Flygt Sarlin Nopon Noxon Nokia Larox FLS Milio
Holland	Ama-Filter
Belgium	Prayon
Italy	Inter-Eco
France	Guinard Degremont
Great Britain	Allied Colloids

Practically none of the respondents offered comments regarding competitive strengths and weaknesses of specific firms. Interestingly, not a single US firm was listed by respondents. This is particularly surprising given the fact that in the section focusing on country-based perceptions (see Table 4.34), American suppliers enjoyed high to excellent rating.
POLEKO ‘96 Environmental Fair
Since the Environmental Fair POLEKO is the most representative annual event in Poland, major countries present at POLEKO ‘96 are presented in Table 4.36.

Table 4.36: Number of Environmental Technology Suppliers at the International Environmental Fair
POLEKO November 19-22, 1996

A B SUI D F GB NL S SF Total
Air 3 0 3 5 0 3 0 1 0 15
Water & Wastewater 9 3 6 26 10 1 1 5 4 65
Waste 5 1 0 4 2 1 1 0 0 14
Energy 3 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 11
TOTAL 20 4 9 37 12 7 2 8 6 105
A=Austria; B=Belgium; SUI=Switzerland; D=Germany; F=France; GB=Great Britain; NL=Netherlands; S=Sweden; SF=Finland
Note: a total of 570 exhibitors participated in POLEKO ‘96.

The distribution of foreign companies present at the Poleko ‘96 Fair corresponds quite well with the observations from the previous sections. Water and wastewater is the sector where foreign suppliers are most active in the Polish market, followed by air and waste management. German, Austrian, and French companies were most numerously represented at the Fair.
Interestingly, only four US companies were directly present at Poleko ‘96, (see below for details). It is therefore a conclusion of the researcher that the high ranking of US companies in section 8.1 is not based on the long-term presence of American companies in Poland, but rather on the respondents’ experience with direct sales and knowledge of one-time projects partially funded from assistance programs.
Experience with US Environmental Technologies
The level of respondents’ knowledge of the American environmental technologies available in Poland was found to be extremely low. Only two design/engineering companies, Biprowod and CTBK, noted that they co-operated with American firms in Poland. While the respondents did not offer further details, they made the following remarks:

US companies do not open permanent Polish representative offices, and therefore potential buyers are concerned about the availability of warranty and post-warranty technical service.
the difference between US measurement units and the metric system makes the cooperation difficult.

In general, US companies in Poland tend to be involved in research projects and preparation of various studies and master plans financed from foreign sources, and in projects partly financed by ECOFUND. For instance, many air pollution control projects funded by Ecofund were based on environmental technologies provided by US companies. The following US firms, listed in ECOFUND report of 1992-1995, participated in the implementation of the most significant projects:

Roberts & Schaefer (coal enrichment technology);
AirPol (sulfur removal technology);
Foster & Wheeler (fluidized bed boilers);
Nalco-Fuel Tech (semi-dry SO2 and NOx removal technology);
Corning (reduction of NOx emissions by substituting air with pure oxygen in glass melting process);
Aquatech (use of methane gas from coal mines as an energy source for mine water desalination process).

Additionally, several US consulting companies were involved in the preparation of various technical studies in Poland in the early nineties (e.g. master plan for waste management for Warsaw voivodship prepared by Post, Buckley, and Schuh, etc.)
Finally, Table 4.37 below presents US exhibitors who participated in the POLEKO environmental fair over the last three years.

Table 4.37: American Companies Participating in the Poleko Environmental Fair
1994-1996

Fair	Company	Product Offered/Profile
PolEko 96	Astro	Industrial and laboratory analyzers of total organic carbon
	ISCO environmental division	Sampling equipment, mobile flow meters, potable water pumps
	MDA Zellweger Analytics	Toxic gas monitoring, stationary and portable
	TRC Process Engineering/PAKTO s.a.	Project development and financing
PolEko 95	FCS, US Embassy Warsaw	General promotion
	Environmental Elements Corp.	n.a.
PolEko 94	Enviro Products Ltd International	Air pollution systems, pneumatic equipment (sales representatives for TRI-MER corp, BEU-MATH Enc. and ATS Products

Source: Poleko Catalogue, 1994, 1995, 1996

Overall, in the researcher’s opinion, American companies are not very active on Polish environmental protection market in comparison with Scandinavian and German firms. Generally, American firms participate in projects focusing on the transfer of state-of-the-art environmental technologies. It should be emphasized that the majority of those projects are one-time initiatives partly financed from foreign sources.
PAKTO S.A.
An interesting US-Polish initiative was started in mid-96. Pakto S.A., a Polish-American environmental technology corporation, is a partnership between TRC Companies, a US engineering and consulting firm, and Poland’s two leading financing organizations: National Fund for Environmental Protection, and Bank for Environmental Protection. This private-public partnership is the first company of its kind to be chartered by the Polish government to facilitate the imports of US environmental technologies and services to Poland. PAKTO has been designated as a focal point for US environmental exporters to gain information about Poland’s environmental funding priorities and project opportunities. Contact information is provided in Table 4.24.
Recommendations for US Companies
Based on the comments and observations in the preceding sections, the following should be considered by American environmental technology companies in order to increase their share of the environmental technology market in Poland:
Increased local presence
To better explore the Polish environmental market and take advantage of existing project opportunities, US companies should increase their direct presence in the country. The following are the major reasons:

competition from European suppliers (especially Germany, Scandinavia, Austria) is strong;
two-thirds of potential buyers of environmental technologies prefer to buy from a local representative;
many potential buyers are concerned about the availability of post-sales technical service, and the issue is a significant factor in purchasing decisions;
a third of respondents indicated that there was limited information about foreign suppliers, which underlines the need for establishing a local presence and better product marketing;
access to information on environmental business opportunities is to a large degree based on personal contacts.

The most cost-effective method to enter the Polish market is through a joint venture or other strategic partnership with an experienced local company specializing in a similar product line.
Competitive financing package
High price was identified as the main barrier to purchasing foreign environmental technologies in Poland - two thirds of respondents perceived foreign products as too expensive. At the same time, 40% of respondents indicated that availability of preferential credit or other attractive forms of financing can be a significant advantage of foreign products. Finally, many potential end-users of environmental technologies have serious cash flow problems and look for co-financing partners.
Therefore, it is important to prepare an attractive and competitive financing package to increase the overall competitiveness of an offer. To this end, US government assistance and export promotion programs are of significance. More information regarding US government assistance programs will be available from the Environmental Technologies Export Market Plan, currently updated by the International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce.
Growth sectors
Overall, highest demand for environmental technologies was identified in the energy sector, and in water and wastewater treatment. This situation is closely related to the current national environmental policy and regulations, where the key priority areas are air pollution abatement and protection of water resources (for more details, see discussion in Chapters 3 and 5).
High demand in the category air is expected for technologies for the abatement of air emissions and cleaner production (such as low-emission burners, etc.). Increasing demand was identified for air pollution control and flue gas purification equipment. Most frequently noted were state-of-the-art systems to reduce emission of sulfur dioxide, dust and particulates, nitrogen monoxides, and hazardous chemicals. In the related energy category, technologies in high demand included: new/efficient energy and heat generation systems; retrofitting/rehabilitation of existing systems; process management and control; technologies for heat recovery and energy savings; and alternative / renewable energy systems for the energy sector. A whole range of opportunities is related to the ongoing program of restructuring of the energy sector (e.g., introduction of coal cleaning or gasification, fluidized bed burners, district heating in municipal areas)
High demand is expected for the following technologies in the municipal and industrial wastewater sector: sludge treatment and disposal (very high demand); pollution prevention and waste minimization; monitoring; advanced (tertiary) treatment methods; and instrumentation, process control and software. Treatment of large amounts of saline water discharged from coal mining is still an unresolved problem. In the category surface and groundwater, high demand was identified for technologies for spill control and containment, and cleanup.
In category waste management, high demand in all waste categories is expected for technologies for pollution prevention and waste minimization, and recycling and resource recovery. For municipal waste, composting and biomass conversion technologies were identified as a high demand area. Technologies for collection, transportation, and storage of hazardous waste are also in high demand. As regards hazardous waste, high and growing demand is expected for site monitoring, and waste collection, transportation and storage technologies.
Finally, other areas where identified demand was relatively high included technologies for spillage control and decontamination, and site remediation and cleanup for industrial, hazardous, and radioactive waste.
In concluding, it is important to stress that, in many cases, American environmental technologies are competitive with Western European products in terms of price and quality. However, the wider use of imports from the US is hampered by the limited direct market presence of American companies, and low level of knowledge of the market compared to suppliers from the EU, and to a smaller degree, by some compatibility problems resulting from differences in measurement systems, and the lack of preferential or reduced tariffs which are applied to EU products.

Appendixes
Appendix A. Key words and abbreviations
Appendix B. List of interviewed organizations with contact info and short background
Appendix C. Overview of the important environmental investments started or continued in selected voivodships in Poland in 1994
Appendix D. The List of 80 - most polluting industrial plants in Poland (as of 01.06.1996)
Appendix E. List of publications and papers used in survey
Appendix F List of environment-related magazines in Poland

Appendix A:
Key words and abbreviations

AGH	Academy of Mining and Metallurgy (Akademia G�rniczo-Hutnicza)
BAT	Best Available Technologies
BATNEEC	Best Available Technologies Not Entailing Excessive Costs
BITS	Swedish Agency for International Technical and Economic Co-operation
BOŒ	Environmental Protection Bank (Bank Ochrony Œrodowiska)
CFC	Chloro-fluoro-carbons
CTBK	Centrum Techniki Budownictwa Komunalnego
ERM	Environmental Resources Management
EU	European Union
GDP	Gross Domestic Product (Doch�d Narodowy Brutto)
GEF	Global Environmental Facility
GUS	Central Statistic Office (Gl�wny Urz�d Statystyczny)
IMUZ	Institute for Land Reclamation and Grass Farming (Instytut Melioracji i U�ytk�w Zielonych)
InE	Environmental Development Institute (Instytut na rzecz Ekorozwoju)
KBN	State Committee of Scientific Research ( Komitet Bada� Naukowych )
MOŒZNiL	Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry (Ministerstwo Ochrony Œrodowiska, Zasob�w Naturalnych i Leœnictwa)
NFOŒiGW	National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Œrodowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej)
OECD	Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
PE	Person Equivalent (RLM - R�wnowa�na Liczba Mieszka�c�w)
PET	Politereftalan etylenowy-packages material (material u�ywany do opakowa� - termoplastyczny poliester kwasu tereftalowego i glikolu
PIOŒ	National Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (Pa�stwowa Inspekcja Ochrony Œrodowiska)
R&D	Research & Development ( Jednostki Naukowo-Badawcze)
RZGW	Regional Water Management Boards (Regionalny Zarz�d Gospodarki Wodnej)
USEPA	United States Environmental Protection Agency
WIOŒ	Voivodship Environmental Protection Inspectorate (Wojew�dzki Inspektorat Ochrony Œrodowiska )

Appendix B:
Parties interviewed for the survey
R & D Institutions
Akademia Gorniczo-Hutnicza
ul. Mickiewicza 30 paw. D-1
80-059 Krakow
tel. (12) 17 20 00
Adam Engel
Main R&D center for noise and vibration issues
Instytut Ekologii Terenow Uprzemyslowionych
ul.Kossutha 6
40-833 Katowice
tel. (32) 154 01 64
Ewa Marchwinska
Piotr Poborski
Institute was established in 1972 as Environmental Protection Institute, Branch in Katowice and in 1992 was transformed into the independent Institute for Ecology of Industrialized Areas
Instytut Ochrony Srodowiska
ul. Krucza 5/11
00-548 Warszawa
tel. (22) 622 38 67, fax. (22) 629 52 63
Urszula Rzeszotowna
The institute carries out research and laboratory work on air, water and land surface protection, waste utilization, nature conservation, anti-noise and antivibration protection as well as environmental impact assessment.
Instytut Melioracji i Uzytkow Zielonych
05-090 Raszyn/Falenty
tel. (22) 756 09 41, 756 05 31
Mikolaj Sikorski
Responsible for environmental issues typical for rural areas, established in 50.
Instytut Ochrony Srodowiska
ul. Wystawowa 1
51-618 Wroclaw
tel. (71) 48 35 63, 72 88 21,
fax. (71) 48 11 40
Janusz Przewlocki
The biggest institute which covers all environmental categories
Miedzywydzialowe Studia Ochrony Srodowiska, Uniwersytet Warszawski
ul. Krakowskie Przedmiescie 30
00-927 Warszawa
tel. (22) 620 03 81 ext. 669
Ewelina Kantowicz
Interfaculty Studies for Environmental Protection
Politechnika Czestochowska, Instytut Inzynierii Sanitarnej
ul. Dabrowskiego 69
42-200 Czestochowa
tel. (34) 25 09 17
January Bien
The faculty was established in late 1980s. Water and wastewater treatment, including sludge treatment and disposal, is the main field of activity
Politechnika Szczecinska, Wydzial Inzynierii Wodnej
ul. Piastow 50
70-311 Szczecin
tel. (91) 49 44 07
Ryszard Rydzynski
The university mainly interested in the Baltic Sea pollution control
Politechnika Warszawska Wydzial Inzynierii Srodowiska, Instytut Zaopatrzenia w Wode i Budownictwa Wodnego
ul. Nowowiejska 20
00-653 Warszawa
tel. (22) 660 53 36, 621 59 95
fax. (22) 621 33 70
Marian Kwietniewski
The biggest, multi-faculty technical university established in 50.
Politechnika Wroclawska
ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27
50-370 Wroclaw
tel. (71) 320 38 04, 320 32 67,
fax.(71) 22 29 80
Marek Sozanski
One of the biggest, multi-faculty technical university
Polska Akademia Nauk Centrum Podstawowych Problemow Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energia
ul. Jozefa Wybickiego 7
31-261 Krakow
tel. (12) 32 20 68
Tadeusz Smakowski
The department was established in 1986 and is responsible for majority of energy and mineral resources management issues in Poland
Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej
Zaklad Gospodarki Wodnej IMGW
ul. Podlesna 61
01-673 Warszawa
tel. (22) 34 16 51, fax. (22) 34 54 66
Marek Gromiec
Institution responsible for coordination of the majority of water and wastewater R&D projects
Instutut Medycyny Pracy w Lodzi
ul. Sw.Teresy 8
91-348 Lodz
Integrated occupational health issues, including exposure monitoring at working places
Glowny Instutut Gornictwa
pl. Gwarkow 1
40-166 Katowice
- Monitoring Department, Leszek Drobek
tel. (32) 59 26 77
- Waste Treatement and Environmental Protection Department, Slawomir Durczynski
tel. (32) 59 24 45
- Water Protection Department, Krzysztof Filipek
tel. (32) 59 21 54
- Energy and Air Protection Depatrment, Eugeniusz Orszulik
tel. (32) 59 22 74
Expert of the Ministry of Environmental Protection in the field of environmental protection; expert in the field of: motorway impact assessment, cleaner production, energy saving and air protection, enviromnent monitoring, water and sewage management, waste management
Szkola Glowna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego
SGGW
ul. Nowoursynowska 166
02-787 Warsaw
tel. (22) 43 90 41, 43 90 61, 43 90 81
fax. (22) 47 15 62
Zbigniew Karaczun
The institution focused on environmental problems typical for rural areas
Administration structures
Ekofundusz-Fundacja Ekofundusz
ul. Belwederska 18A
02-762 Warszawa
tel. (22) 40 09 01, 40 09 50
fax. (22) 40 09 42
Jozef Dobija
Wojciech Krolikowski
ECOFUND established for eco-conversion funds distribution
Ministerstwo Ochrony Srodowiska Zasobow Naturalnych i Lesnictwa
ul. Wawelska 52/54
00-922 Warszawa
tel. (22) 25 47 84
Czeslaw Wieckowski
Krystyna Panek
Environmental Policy Department
Narodowa Fundacja Ochrony Srodowiska
ul. Krzywickiego 9
02-078 Warszawa
tel./fax. (22) 25 21 27, 25 10 18
Aleksandra Wiszniewska
Consultacy service in the areas relating to the environmental protection, training and educational activities, environmental impact assessment, environmental audits for institutions, environmental research
Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Srodowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej
ul. Konstruktorska 3A
02-673 Warszawa
tel. (22) 49 00 79, 49 00 80,
fax (22) 49 72 72
Jan Zwolinski (spokesman)
Central national fund for environmental protection projects financing
RZGW w Gdansku
ul. Uphagena 27
80-237 Gdansk
tel. (58) 45 22 66, fax (58) 45 22 62
Halina Burakowska
Central administrative structure responsible for the North part of the Vistula river basin
RZGW w Katowicach
ul. Jesionowa 9a
40-158 Katowice
tel. (32) 59 88 43, fax (32) 59 96 42
Franciszek Tomiczek
Central administrative structure responsible for the Silesian region water management issues
RZGW w Krakowie
ul. M.J. Pilsudskiego 22
31-109 Krakow
tel. (12) 23 05 59, fax. (21) 21 29 09
Tomasz Walczykiewicz
Central administrative structure responsible for the South part of the Vistula river basin
RZGW w Poznaniu
ul. Grunwaldzka 21
60-703 Poznan
tel. (61) 65 69 56
tel./fax (61) 65 69 53
Janusz Wisniewski
Central administrative structure responsible for the middle part of the Oder river basin, including the Warta river basin
RZGW w Szczecinie
ul. Pocztowa 12/12
70-360 Szczecin
tel. (91) 84 40 76, tel/fax (91) 84 40 75
Waldemar Kowalczuk
Central administrative structure responsible for the north part of the Oder river basin
RZGW w Warszawie
ul. Instalatorow 9
02-237 Warszawa
tel. (22) 46 20 51, 46 67 75,
fax. (22) 46 61 97
Andrzej Badowski
Central administrative structure responsible for the middle part of the Vistula river basin
RZGW we Wroclawiu
ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 39
50-370 Wroclaw
tel. (71) 21 28 88, 22 66 51 to 54
Andrzej Nalberczynski
Central administrative structure responsible for the south part of the Oder river basin
Urzad Wojewodzki w Lublinie
Wydzial Ochrony Srodowiska
ul. Spokojna 4
20-214 Lublin
tel. (81) 292 40, fax. (81) 285 40
Halina Matyjaszek
Voivodship Environmental Protection Authorities
End Users
ALPEX Karlino S.A.
ul. Kolobrzeska 17-19
78-230 Karlino
tel. (94) 11 77 28, 11 72 31
Anna Polanska
Large company specializing in production of chipboards and hardboards
APATOR S.A.
ul. Zolkiewskiego 13/29
87-100 Torun
tel. (56) 39 82 64, 39 12 42,
fax (56) 39 12 95
Leon Malinowski
Large company specializing in production of electrical measuring equipment
CENTRA Spolka Akcyjna
ul. Gdynska 31/33
61-016 Poznan
tel. (61) 78 63 23, 78 64 81
Maciej Gramowski
Large, batteries manufacturing enterprise
DANONE
ul. Redutowa 9/23
01-103 Warszawa
tel. (22) 36 42 93, 37 90 30
Andrzej Kaczorowski
Large, milk processing plant
DROBEX-HEINTZ Sp. z o.o.
ul. Kaniewska 8/10
70-876 Szczecin
tel. (91) 69 15 03, fax (91) 60 01 69
Krzysztof Niewiarowski
Large poultry processing
Fabryka Aparatow Elektryczych „FAEL” Sp. z o.o.
ul. Warynskiego 20
57-200 Zabkowice Sl.
tel. (72) 15 27 10 to 19
Ewa Borcz
Large company specializing in production of electrical equipment
Fabryka Lin i Drutu DRUMET S.A.
ul. Polna 26/74
87-800 Wloclawek
tel. (54) 33 32 21 to 29
Andrzej Domagalski
Company responsible for manufacturing of metal wire
Fabryka Lozysk Tocznych „ISKRA” S.A.
ul. Jagiellonska 109
25-743 Kielce
tel. (41) 66 61 11
Rudolf Martin
Medium, bearings manufacturing plant
FlT „PREMA-MILMET” S.A.
ul. Gen. Grota-Roweckiego 130
41-200 Sosnowiec
tel. (3) 191 88 54
Mieczyslaw Binkiewicz
Large, roller-bearing processing plant
Huta Czestochowa
ul. Rejtana 6
42-207 Czestochowa
tel. (34) 23 87 82
Michal Krajewski
One of the biggest metallurgical foundry in Poland well managed, Environmental Management Systems
Huta Szkla Jaroslaw
ul. Morawska 1
37-500 Jaroslaw
Janusz Franczyk
Large, private glass processing company
Kaliskie Zaklady Koncentratow Spozywczych „WINIARY” S.A.
ul. lodzka 149/153
62-800 Kalisz
tel. (61) 65 03 10, fax. (62) 739 47
Pawel Kwasnik
Large, food processing plant
KONSTAL S.A.
ul. Katowicka 104
41-500 Chorzow
tel. (32) 41 10 51 to 58,
fax. (32) 41 33 97
Henryk Lis
Domestic products manufacturing company
Lucent Technologies
ul. Pilicka 6
85-776 Kielce
tel. (52) 74 14 11
Tomasz Kiec
Large, telecommunication equipment manufacturing company
Miejskie Przedsiebiorstwo Wodociagow i Kanalizacji
pl. Starynkiewicza 5
02-015 Warszawa
tel. (22) 628 55 67
Wojciech Charkiewicz
Large company responsible for water/wastewater management in the Warsaw municipality
Miejskie Przedsiebiorstwo Wodociagow i Kanalizacji w Lublinie
ul. Pilsudskiego 15
20-407 Lublin
tel. (81) 237 56, fax. (81) 219 10
Tadeusz Fijalka
Large company responsible for water/wastewater management
SERY ICC PASl�K Sp. z o.o.
ul. Dworcowa 9
14-400 Paslek
tel. (50) 48 20 85
Zbigniew Adamczyk
Medium size, milk processing plant
Warszawskie Zaklady Papiernicze S.A.
ul. Mirkowska 45
05-520 Konstancin-Jeziorna
tel. (22) 756 40 11 w 360
Renata Ziemska
Large, paper processing plant
Zaklady Azotowe S.A.
ul. Kwiatkowskiego 8
33-101 Tarnow
tel. (14) 37 23 40
Leokadia Pawelec
Large, chemical plant
Zaklady Chemiczne „WIZOW” S.A.
59-700 Boleslawiec skr. pocz. 58
tel. (48) 795 20 20 to 24
fax. (48) 795 20 25
Krystyna Pasierb
Large chemical company; currently under privatisation
Zaklady Chemiczne „Organika-Zachem”
ul. Wojska Polskiego 65
85-825 Bydgoszcz
tel. (52) 61 18 20, 61 70 11
fax. (52) 61 02 82
Roman Kasperczyk
Przemyslaw Nawracala
Large, state owned chemical plant
Zaklady Chemiczne „ROKITA” S.A.
ul. Sienkiewicza 4
56-100 Brzeg Dolny
tel. (71) 74 77 71
Michal Bednorz
Large, chemical plant
Zaklady Metali Lekkich „KETY” S.A.
ul. Kosciuszki 111
32-650 Kety
tel. (38) 145 22
Jacek Chwistek
Large, aluminium processing plant
Zaklady Plyt Wiorowych PROSPAN
ul. Boleslawicka 10
98-400 Wieruszow
tel. (647) 413 18 w 247
Stanislawa Kaczmarek
Large, chipboard and hardboard processing plant
Zaklady Przemyslu Barwnikow „BORUTA” S.A.
ul. A. Struga 30
95-100 Zgierz
tel. (42) 16 20 34, fax. (42) 16 48 86
Piotr Pietrzak
Large, dyes manufacturing company
Design/Engineering
ATMOTERM
ul. Katowicka 35
45-061 Opole
tel. (77) 54 46 67, 54 39 84, 56 67 60
Ryszard Pazdan
Large company specializing in air pollution issues
ARKA KONSORCJUM S.A.
ul. Zmigrodzka 41/49
60-171 Poznan
tel. (61) 67 73 53, 67 74 00
fax (61) 67 84 32
Przemyslaw Wiznerowicz
Large company responsible for water and wastewater issues
BIPROWOD Biuro Projektow Gospodarki Wodnej i Sciekowej
ul. Rydygiera 8
01-793 Warszawa
tel. (22) 633 92 73, fax (22) 633 93 73
Wlodzimierz Glamkowski
Medium size, state owned company specializing in water /wastewater management issues
Centrum Techniki Budownictwa Komunalnego
ul. Krzywickiego 9
02-078 Warszawa
tel. (22) 25 09 73
Waclaw Pajdzinski
Medium size, private designing company specializing in water/wastewater and waste management issues
DECYBEL Sp. z o.o.
ul. Mickiewicza 9
58-573 Piechowice
tel. (75) 535 20
Andrzej Szalej
Designing/consulting company responsible for noise and vibration issues
Dolnoslaski Instytut Technologiczny
ul. Slezna 144
53-110 Wroclaw
tel. (71) 67 57 04
Miroslaw Szymanski
Private consulting company responsible for wastewater management, specially manure utilization
DOR-EKO Przedsiebiorstwo Konsultingowo-Inzynieryjne Sp. z o.o.
ul. Robotnicza 11/13
02-261 Warszawa
tel. (22) 46 69 11, 46 78 85
Antoni Oleszczyk
Private consulting company responsible for municipal environmental issues; cooperation with WS Atkins
ECOINSTAL-PROJEKT Pracownia Autorska
ul. Ponikowskiego 3
07-707 Warszawa
tel. (22) 651 01 20, tel/fax (22) 651 01 21
Witold Olszewski
Private designing company specializing in wastewater collecting systems in samll and medium size settlements
EKOCOMP
ul. Chocimska 28
00-791 Warszawa
tel. (22) 49 80 10
Leszek Puchalski
Company responsible for automation and control systems in water and wastewater treatment plants
EKO-EFEKT Sp. z o.o. Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Srodowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej, Oddzial Gliwice
ul. Konstytucji 11
44-100 Gliwice
tel. (32) 130 77 25
Stanislaw Janusz
Consulting company, owned by National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, responsible for environmental protection projects, including supervision of Finish eco-conversion funds utilization
EKOKONREM Sp. z o.o.
ul. Tarnogajska 18
50-512 Warszawa
tel. (71) 67 11 04, 67 12 06, 67 00 21
fax. (71) 67 11 04, 67 43 20
Wojciech Zielinski
Consulting company specializing in various environmental categories
EKOL Agencja Inwestycyjno-Handlowa S.C.
ul. G. Zapolskiej 4
33-300 Nowy Sacz
Jan Zabierzewski
Small, private designing office specializing in wastewater treatment
EKOLOG Przedsiebiorstwo Projektowo Inzynieryjne
Al. Wojska Polskiego 43
64-920 Pila
tel. (67) 12 64 05, 12 33 28
fax. (67) 12 64 05
Krzysztof Horodecki
Large, private designing/engineering company specializing in various types of environmental protection services
EKOLOG Systems
ul. Ziebicka 35
60-164 Poznan
tel. (61) 68 45 27
Krzysztof Pachocki
Branch office in Poznan
ELIMP Sp. z o.o. Zaklad Rozwoju Nowych Technik Ochrony Srodowiska
ul. Chlodna 52/54
00-872 Warszawa
tel. (22) 24 91 73, 620 26 71
tel./fax. (22) 24 35 78
Wlodzimierz Mozryn
Consulting/engineering company specializing in water treatment technologies
ENERGOPOMIAR Sp. z o.o. Zaklady Pomiarowo-Badawcze Energetyki
ul. Gen. Sowinskiego 3
44-101 Gliwice
tel. (32) 37 68 00, fax. (32) 31 65 42
Zygmut Rozewicz
Consulting/engineering company specializing in measurement equipment
ENERGOPROJEKT Glowne Biuro Studiow i Projektow Energetycznych
ul. Krucza 6/14, skr.poczt. 184
00-950 Warszawa
tel. (22) 621 02 81, fax. (22) 629 32 40
Tadeusz Sobolewski
Main designing engineering office specializing in completion of energy systems
HYDROPROJEKT WARSZAWA Sp. z o.o.
ul. Dubois 9
00-182 Warszawa
tel. (22) 635 38 91, fax. (22) 635 00 20
Aleksander Laski
Designing/engineering company specializing in water protection structures
GEOTEX S.A.
ul. Batalionow Chlopskich 49
70-770 Szczecin
tel. (91) 61 54 93, fax. (91) 61 59 81
Piotr Jermalowicz
Designing company specializing in construction and sealing of waste dumps
INSTALEX-BIOOX Sp. z o.o.
ul. Mazowiecka 12
00-050 Warszawa
tel./fax. (22) 826 64 47, 826 74 38
Lech Narbutt
Designing/engineering company specializing in completion of WWTP’s type BIOOXYBLOK
INZYNIERIA PRO-EKO Sp. z o.o.
ul. E. Ciolka 11A
01-445 Warszawa
tel./fax. (22) 37 77 50
Leslaw Dindorf
Designing/engineering company specialized in solid waste treatment and disposal projects
MSS Environmental Engineering
ul. Kopcinskiego 9/23
02-777 Warszawa
tel./fax. (22) 644 34 70
Andrzej Mroz
Small, private company specializing in utilization of hazardous/toxic wastes
PROEKO Ltd
ul. Krzywickiego 34
02-078 Warszawa
tel. (22) 625 74 56, 625 75 23
tel./fax. (22) 625 36 48
Bronislaw Kaminski
Consulting company of medium size specializing in environmental categories
PROJPRZEM S.A.
ul. Bernardynska 13
85-029 Bydgoszcz
tel. (52) 22 90 01, fax. (52) 28 61 57
Lukrecjan Marzec
Engineering/manufacturing company specializing in container type WWTP, WTP
PROSAN Sp. z o.o.
ul. Baœniowa 3
02-349 Warszawa
tel. (22) 22 12 00
Jan Mroczek
Head office at designing/engineering office specializing in water/wastewater management and treatment issues
PROSAN
ul. Zubrow 1
71-716 Szczecin
tel. (91) 22 63 50, 22 62 45
Witold Dabek
Branch office in the north part of Poland
SALGEO
ul. Basniowa 3/p.512
02-349 Warszawa
tel./fax. 659 68 89
Janusz Salyga
Private geological company specializing in environmental issues
SEEN-SErvice for ENgineering
ul. Krzywickiego 34
02-078 Warszawa
tel. (22) 625 12 25, fax. (22) 628 33 36
Rafal Lipinski
Consulting/engineering/design office, sole agent and distributor (water and chemical issues)
SETO-C.D & Office S.C.
ul. Plac Zwyciestwa 2
90-312 lodz
tel./fax. (42) 74 42 18, 30 71 10, 30 71 15
Tadeusz Sedzikowski
Designing/engineering office specializing in water/wastewater management
STOLICA Sp. z o.o.
ul. Kredytowa 3
00-056 Warszawa
tel. (22) 827 87 97, 826 06 32
fax. (22) 26 42 91
Wojciech Grodecki
Designing/engineering office specializing in municipal environmental protection issues
WS Atkins-Polska
ul. Marszalkowska 82
00-517 Warszawa
tel. (22) 623 63 40,
tel./fax. (22) 623 63 41
Aleksander Granowski
Consulting/engineering company, part of British WS Atkins Company
Business Units
ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd
ul. Stachowicza 18
30-103 Krakow
tel. (12) 22 34 07, 22 16 93
Piotr Ciechanowski
Large company specializing in air pollution control/energy generating instalations
AQAMEX S.A.
ul. Fosa 3
02-768 Warszawa
tel. (22) 43 34 53
tel./fax. (22) 43 19 32
Andrzej Rykowski
Company responsible for wastewater treatment, equipment manufacturer and supplier
AQATECH Sp. z o.o. Przedsiebiorstwo Badawczo-Produkcyjne
ul. Czarny Dwor 4A
80-365 Gdansk
tel./fax. (58) 53 41 99
Edward Ledwon
Company responsible for water treatment equipment
ARCUS Sp. z o.o. Dzial Biotechnologii
ul. Mila 2
00-180 Warszawa
tel. (22) 635 09 94, 635 12 82
fax. (22) 31 70 43
Hanna Koziej
Polish/British supplier of wastewater treatment, and process stimulating substances
BIOX Zaklad Urzadzen Natleniajacych
ul. Bohaterow Westerplatte 24
11-500 Gizycko
Jerzy Kiczynski
Company specializing in aeration equipment manufacturing
BUDEXPOL Sp. z o.o.
ul. Braniborska 38/40
53-680 Wroclaw
tel. (71) 55 50 29, 55 80 23
fax. (71) 55 90 59, 55 22 07
Andrzej Medynski
Design/manufactures company; turn key projects supplier: sewage treatment plants including fermentation chambres, oxygen-free reactors, decanters, deposit procesing installations, etc.
CANDELA Sp. z o.o.
ul. Kozietulskiego 6
01-571 Warszawa
tel. (22) 39 43 15, 39 43 16
fax. (22) 39 35 77
Michal Swiatek
Analytical instruments distribution company; representative of few foreign manufacturers
CHEMADEX Przedsiebiorstwo Projektowania i Dostaw Kompletnych Obiektow Przemyslowych
ul. Koszykowa 6
00-564 Warszawa
tel. (22) 621 62 71, fax. (22) 629 50 03
Krzysztof Kaminski
Engineering/construction company specializing in deliveries of turn-key WWTPs, including sugar processing wastewater treatment
EKOFINN-POL Sp. z o.o.
ul. Belgradzka 89
80-287 Gdansk
tel. (58) 48 70 90,
fax. (58) 48 70 90
Krzysztof Tiunajtis
Medium size, private company specializing in production and instalation of small wastewater treatment plants; Polish/Finish company
ELEKTRIM
ul. Chalubinskiego 8
00-950 Warszawa
tel. (22) 30 21 99, 30 21 92
fax. (22) 30 08 41, 30 08 42
Andrzej Skowronski
One of the biggest trading-contracting company specializing in energy sector
EXBUD
ul. Witosa 74
25-561 Kielce
tel. (41) 331 28 33,
fax. (41) 331 90 74
Witold Zaraska
Construction company; turn-key projects supplier; projects are implemented in cooperation with Polish and foreign companies offering environmental protection know-how
FLOOTEK AB
ul. Pytlasinskiego 13A
00-777 Warszawa
tel./fax. (22) 40 31 86, 826 95 21, 620 34 94
Leszek Zadura
Supplier of industrial WWTP (scandinavian origin)
Fluid Corporation
ul. Morawskiego 5
30-102 Krakow
tel. (12) 22 36 66 ext. 479
Jan Gladki
Private company specializing in fluidizedbed boilers construction
FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY FACOP, Fabryka Kotlow Przemyslowych
ul. Staszica 31
41-200 Sosnowiec
tel. (32) 66 48 61 to 68
Wojciech R. Kowalski
Boiler manufacturing factory specializing in energy/air protection issues
HYDROBUDOWA-9 Sp. z o.o. Przedsiebiorstwo Inzynieryjno-Budowlane
ul. Sienkiewicza 22
60-900 Poznan
tel. (61) 65 00 11, 47 56 21,
fax.(61) 47 56 23
Wojciech Pawlaczyk
Engineering/construction company specializing in WWTP erection
KOWENT S.A.
ul. Warszawska 52
26-200 Konskie
tel. (4112) 63 55 to 59, fax. (4112) 61 81
Jan Sipika
Supplier of air pollution control equipment
METEX HUBER Sp. z o.o.
ul. Kredytowa 3
00-056 Warszawa
tel. (22) 826 90 11, fax. (22) 826 58 19
Krystyna Kielbiewska
Medium size, private company, specializing in distribution of Finish devices for WWTP
NETZSCH Filtrationstechnik GmbH-Jaworski International
ul. Nowogrodzka 38/19
00-691 Warszawa
tel./fax. (22) 629 07 45
fax. (22) 622 26 89
Dariusz Jaworski
Company resposible for sludge dewatering equipment (German origin) supply
NIJHUIS WATER TECHNOLOGY b.v
ul. Wl. Reymonta 1
05-820 Piastow
tel.(mobile) (90) 22 48 18
tel./fax. (22) 723 54 30
Tomasz Jagielski
Company responsible for water treatment equipment supplies
POLIMEX-CEKOP
ul. Czackiego 7/9
00-950 Warszawa
tel. (22) 623 75 37
tel./fax. (22) 623 72 67
Marek Fyalkowski
POWOGAZ Osrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Aparatury i Urzadzen Komunalnych Sp. z o.o.
ul. Szczepanowskiego 13
60-541 Poznan
tel. (61) 41 13 18
Marian Andrzejewski
Water/wastewater equipment and instalation supplier
PROCHEM S.A.
ul. Ostrobramska 103
04-041 Warszawa
tel. (22) 10 26 89
fax.(22) 10 76 94, 10 29 18
Jaroslaw Stepniewski
Large construction-engineering company; partly owned by the Fluor Daniel Company
Przedsiebiorstwo Wielobranzowe „SANITGAZ” S.C.
ul. Buraski 18A
20-150 Lublin
tel. (81) 77 14 72, 77 15 06
Boguslaw Matyjaszek
Small company, sanitary instalation supplier
PWP, Przedsiebiorstwo Wdrozeniowo-Produkcyjne
pl. Starynkiewicza 5
02-015 Warszawa
tel./fax. (22) 625 47 95
Maria Danielewska
Representative of a number of firms (water and sewage pomps, sanitary technology)
RAFAKO S.A., Fabryka Kotlow
ul. Lakowa 33
47-400 Raciborz
tel. (36) 415 21 71, fax. (36) 415 29 02
Tadeusz Ekiert
Urszula Bednarczyk
Jerzy Jedz
Boiler manufacturing factory specializing in energy/air protection issues
SEFAKO S.A. Fabryka Kotlow
ul. Przemyslowa 9
28-340 Sedziszow
tel. (498) 610 36, 110 73
Wojciech Biskup
Boiler manufacturing factory specializing in energy/air protection issues
SPOMASZ Fabryka Maszyn i Urzadzen Przemyslu Spozywczego
ul. Powstancow Wielkopolskich 23
64-510 Wronki
tel. (67) 54 05 61, fax. (67) 55 31 08
Zbigniew Rebacz
Company responsible for sludge dewatering equipment supplies
WIBEX S.C.
ul. Batorego 9
07-300 Ostrow Mazowiecka
tel. (217) 538 52, fax. (217) 518 57
Grzegorz Kubicki
Company responsible for hydroinsulating materials (for sealing waste dumps, lagoons, overflows, etc.) supplies

NOTE : For the purpose of this survey, the term “BUSINESS UNITS” is used to refer to multi-sectoral, profit-oriented companies; two main types of companies were distinguised:

equipment suppliers (generally they represent various manufacturers);
engineering, construction, contracting and trading companies specializing in capital goods for many industrial branches, including environmental protection systems (generally those are turn-key projects suppliers)

The following parties completed the Questionnaire: RZGW in Gdansk; RZGW in Wroclaw; Warsaw University of Technology in Warsaw; Warsaw Agriculture University; Institute for Ecology of Industrialised Areas in Katowice; Institute of Environmental Protection, Branch office in Wroclaw; Institute for Grass Farming and Land Reclamation in Falenty (near Warsaw); Polish Academy of Science; Mineral Resources and Energy Management in Krakow; Glass Foundry in Jaroslaw; Chemical Plant WIZOW in Boleslawiec; Chemical Plant BORUTA; FLT „ISKRA” in Kielce; EXIDE-CENTRA in Poznan; ICC Paslek; Chemical Plant ORGANIKA-ZACHEM in Bydgoszcz; Municipal Water & Wastewater Company in Lublin; Water Management Designing Office BIPROWOD in Warsaw; PROEKO in Warsaw; Designing/Engineering Bureau CTBK in Warsaw; FLUID Corporation; EKOFINN-POL in Gdansk; METEX-HUBER in Warsaw; Asea Brown Boveri Ltd in Warsaw; Zaklady Azotowe S.A in Tarn�w-Moœcice; PROCHEM S.A. in Warsaw; Ministry of Enivoronmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry, Environmental Policy Department; Polimex-Cekop. The remaining parties listed above were interviewed without the use of questionnaire, either on the phone, or in person.

Referring to the additional list of 20 organizations presented by the Client, ERM Polska would like to note the following:

7 companies/institutions were included in the survey from the very beginning:
The Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry
The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water management
ECOFUND;
PROCHEM/ Fluor Daniel in Warsaw
Rafako
Ekolog
Elimp

11 companies were additionally interviewed:
Narodowa Fundacja Ochrony Srodowiska
FosterWheeler
Polimex-Cekop
Wibex
Glowny Instytut Gornictwa
Seen
PWP
Geotex
Exbud
Elektrim
Candela

2 companies were not interviewed:
Mayfair Polska - the company has been closed down
Sanders - is not well known among environmental protection specialists in Poland; address and tel/fax numbers were not available in any environmental business reference sources; according to unconfirmed information, Sanders International specializes in consulting services in various branches
Appendix C:
Overview of the most important environmental investments started or continued in selected voivodships in Poland in 1994. Presented examples of typical environmental projects characterize current Polish environmental protection market (information based on Annual Voivodship Environmental Protection Reports of 1995)

Table 1 Gda�sk Voivodship

No.	Environmental protection category	Type of investment	List of investment
I	Water protection	Water & wastewater management at production facilities	1.Sugar plant „ Pelplin ” w Pelplinie: -modernization of screening installations, -modernization/improvement of biological treatment installation focused on land application of treated wastewater; 2. Starogardzkie Zaklady Farmaceutyczne „ Polfa” w Starogardzie (Pharmaceutics plant): -construction of water storage tank; 3. Zaklady Przemyslu Tluszczowego „ Olvit ” Zaklad w Gda�sku (Food Processing Plant): -closing-up of the cooling system, -modernization of sewage pretreatment system; 4.„ Kooperol ” w Zdunach Food Processing Plant): -start-up of the completed biological wastewater treatment plant (excluding biological ponds), of 50m3/d capacity; 5. Gospodarstwo Rolne Przemyslowa Ferma Tuczu Trzody Chlewnej - Ryszard G�rny w Grabowie Koœcierskim (Pigs’ Farm): -completion of modernization of the manure, mechanical-biological treatment plant, -completion of sludge treatment unit prior to land application of resulting sludge; 6. Przedsi�biorstwo Polow�w i Uslug Rybackich "Szkuner ” we Wladyslawowie (Fishing company): -modernization of pretreatment installation and pumping stations construction for wastewater transported to the Swarzewo wastewater treatment plant (not completed up till now).
		Municipal wastewater management	Construction of the mechanical-biological treatment plant in Tczew, of 21,000m3/d capacity; Construction of the mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant, type Biooxyblok in Koœcierzyna, of 18,000m3/d capacity; Construction of mechanical-biological treatment plant (with nutrients removal) in Starogard Gda�ski; Construction/modernization of mechanical-biological treatment plant (with nutrients removal) in Jastrz�bia G�ra, of 3,360m3/d capacity; Modernization of WWTP in Skarszewy; Reconstruction and modernization of mechanical-biological treatment plant (with nutrients removal) WWTP in Kartuzy, of 10,000m3/d capacity; Construction of mechanical-biological treatment plant (with nutrients removal) municipal WWTP in Pelplin, of 3,200m3/d capacity; Completion and start-up of mechanical-biological treatment plant (with nutrients removal) municipal WWTP in Somonino, of 1,600m3/d capacity; Completion and start-up of mechanical-biological treatment plant (with nutrients removal) municipal WWTP in Chmielno, of 1,040 m3/d capacity; Construction of mechanical-biological (tricking filters) WWTP, with chemical nutrients removal in the municipality of St�yca, of 740m3/d capacity; Completion and start-up of mechanical-biological treatment plant (with nutrients removal) municipal WWTP in the municipality of Krokowa, of 770m3/d capacity; Completion and start-up of mechanical-biological WWTP (with tertiary treatment in polishing lagoons) in the municipality of Wdzydze Kiszewskie; Completion and start-up of the first stage of mechanical-biological treatment plant, municipal WWTP Gda�sk -D�bog�rze of 86,000 m3/d capacity; Start-up of the mechanical-biological WWTP type „biosegmentblok”, with chemical nutrients removal, in the municipality of Przodkowo, planned capacity: 1 000m3/d.
II	Air Protection	Investments completed in 1994.	1.”Siarkopol ” S.A. Gda�sk (Chemical Processing Plant: -completion of modernized technological installation, in order to minimize sulfur emission; 2. Goœcici�ska Fabryka Mebli „ KLOSE ” (Furniture Manufacturing Plant): -boiler house modernization; 3.Wytw�rnia Mas Bitumicznych w R�ynach (Par Based Material Production Plant): -installation of textile filters at production halls; 4. Okr�gowe Przedsi�biorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej w Gdyni (Regional Heat Distribution Enterprise): a) construction of central municipal heat distribution network and liquidation of the following low emission boiler houses: ul. Bohater�w Star�wki Warszawskiej 7 in Gdynia, ul. Cylkowskiego in Gdynia, ul. G�rna 23/27 in Gdynia, ul. Grotgera 19 in Gdynia, ul. Karlikowska in Sopot, ul. Okrzei 5/7 in Sopot, ul. Okrzei 15 in Sopot, b)replacement heating fuel (gas) in the following low emission boiler houses: Al. Niepodlegloœci 710 in Sopot, Parkowa 27 st., in Sopot, Czyewskiego 8/10 st., in Sopot; 5. Gda�skie Przedsi�biorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej w Gda�sku (Heat Distribution Company in Gda�sk): a) development of central/municipal heat distribution system; liquidation of the following old, local heat generation plants in Gda�sk: Zakopia�ska 29 st., Skarpowa 23 st., Zakopia�ska 14 st., Rybaki G�rne 4 st., Lisia Grobla 1st., Wojska Polskiego Al. Rafineria Gda�ska S.A. (Refinery in Gda�sk): boiler house modernization; 7. Zaklady Produkcji Kruszywa Popioloporytowego w Gda�sku (Construction Materials Production Plant: start-up of the production line focused on reuse of waste manufactured by heat/energy generating plant in Gda�sk (waste recycling)
		Investments commenced in 1994	1.Heat/energy generating plant, equipped with air pollution control installations, in Zaklady Farmaceutyczne „ POLFA ” in Starogard; 2.Heat generating plant fed with gas in Stocznia Gda�skiej S.A.; 3.Modernization of process equipment which is the significant source of air emission in Stocznia Gdanska S.A.; Process devices modernization focused on air emission reduction in Rafineria Gda�sk S.A.; Implementation of the state-of-the-art, low emission painting devices in Stocznia Remontowej NAUTA in Gdynia.
III	Noise control investments		MEAT Gdynia Przetw�rnia Eksportowa w Sopocie: replacement of old noise generating boiler house installations with gas fed boilers, modernization of the cooling installation; PZZ STAMO w Starogardzie Gda�skim: a) Mlyn w Starogardzie Gda�skim: implementation of low-noise ventilators, implementation of the noise control equipment at the industrial ventilation system, construction of noise screens, b) Mlyn w Skarszewach: industrial ventilation system modernization, implementation of noise control equipment and low-noise ventilators ; 3. Gda�skie Przedsi�biorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej - Stacja Podnoszenia Ciœnie� Wile�ska (Heat Disribution Company in Gda�sk): modernization of pumps’ installation, including applying of vibration control construction materials, implementation of the noise reducing insulation of building structures; implementation of acoustic screens; 4. Przedsi�biorstwo Produkcyjno-Handlowe ZENTEX w Gda�sku: implementation of noise reducing insulation of the cooling installation building 5. Zaklad Kamieniarsko-Nagrobkowy w Gdyni: implementation of the low-noise process machines 6. Gda�skie Mlyny i Spichlerze PZZ w Sopocie Mlyn w Gda�sku: implementation of building construction insulation, modernization of the industrial ventilation system; 7. Zaklady Plyt Pilœniowych w Czarnej Wodzie: implementation of noise-reducing screens of pneumatic transport installation at production facilities; replacement of noise generating ventilation equipment with low-noise emission ones; implementation of noise control equipment at vacuum pumping station, completion of acoustic screens of air pressure storage tanks;
IV	Waste Management		1.Completion of three municipal landfills in the following municipalities: Dziemiany, Osiek, Os�w. 2.Completion of the incineration waste storage (after surplus sludge incineration at Gdynia D�bog�rz Wastewater Treatment Plant) 3. W Fabryce Kwasku Cytrynowego przy Cukrowni Pelplin completion of the process waste landfill in Ropuchy. 4.Completion of three hospital waste incineration plants: Szpital Morski im. PCK in Gdynia- Redlowo, Pa�stwowy Szpital Kliniczny nr 2 in Gda�sk, Szpital Rejonowy ZOZ in Tczew

Table 2 Wroclaw Voivodship

No.	Environmental protection category	Type of Investment	List of investment
I	Water Protection	Wastewater Management at Industrial Facilities	CPN Wroclaw - mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant for Swojec site, Szkola Podstawowa Chrz�stawa- mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant; Nadleœnictwo Oborniki Œl. - root type wastewater treatment plant for forester’s sheds of P�g�w and Jary (completed by Nevexpol company); Nadleœnictwo Oleœnica - root type wastewater treatment plant for forester’s sheds of Szczodre, Grochowa, and Eda Wielka (completed by Nevexpol company);
		Municipal Wastewater Management	UMiG Œroda Œl�ska - mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant for the Œroda Œl�ska municipality, 6,000 m3/d; UMiG �migr�d - mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant for the �migr�d municipality, 2,500 m3/d; UMiG K�ty Wroclawskie - mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant for the K�ty Wroclawskie municipality, 2,700 m3/d.
II	Air Protection		1.” Polifarb ” S.A. Wroclaw - implementation of a new industrial ventilation system, installation of catalytic after-burners at production halls, modernization of the boiler house; 2. Farmaceutyczna Sp�ldzielnia Pracy „ Galena ”, Zaklad nr 2 - replacement of coal fed boiler house with gas fed boiler house; 3. Zaklady Chemiczne „ Viscoplast ”S.A. we Wroclawiu - completion of the desulfurization plant for one boiler; 4. Zaklad produkcyjny „ Aida ”w Oleœnicy - modernization of the boiler house NOLTING, dust removal cyclones of nearly 100 % efficiency; 5. Zaklad Stolarki Budowlanej „ Stolbut ” Wroclaw - two incineration units with fluidized bed; 6. Specjalistyczny Zesp�l Psychicznej Opieki Zdrowotnej Wroclaw - modernization of boilers focused on coal fuel replacement with gas; 7. Piekarnia przy ul. Barlickiego 1 we Wroclawiu - modernization of boiler house (replacement of coal with gas); 8. Huta „ Olawa” S.A. w Olawie - installation of suspended particles removal, pulsating filters; Piekarnia przy ul. Partyzant�w 43 we Wroclawiu - installation of low emission gas burner typ EP- 75; Zaklady Odlewnicze „ ALWRO ” S.A. we Wroclawiu - installation of dust/suspended particles removal equipment; Zaklady Tworzyw Sztucznych „ Erg ”w Olawie - implementation of catalytic after-burner installation in order to reduce process emission
III	Noise and Vibration Protection		none
IV	Waste Management	Process Waste Landfills	PPZM „ Centrozlom ” we Wroclawiu, process waste landfill in the rural settlement of Go�dzikowice.
		Municipal Waste Landfills	The following investments were completed: Urz�d Miasta i Gminy Jelcz-Laskowice, municipal landfill in the Brzezinki-D�bina settlement Urz�d miasta i Gminy K�ty Wroclawskie, municipal landfill in Soœnica settlement, The following investments are under construction: Urz�d Gminy �agiewniki, municipal landfill in the �agiewniki settlement; Urz�d Gminy Kondratowice, municipal landfill in the Kondratowice settlement; Urz�d Miasta Oleœnica, municipal landfill in the Brzezinki-D�bina town; Urz�d Gminy Oborniki Œl�skie, municipal landfill; Urz�d Gminy Prusice, municipal landfill; Urz�d Miasta i Gminy Twardog�ra, municipal landfill; Urz�d Miasta i Gminy Milicz, municipal landfill; Urz�d Gminy Wisznia Mala, municipal landfill.

Table 3 Warsaw Voivodship

	Industrial wastewater management	1. Browar Mazowiecki w Okuniewie - wastewater treatment plant modernization; Sanatorium Neuropsychiatrii Dzieci�cej w Zag�rzu - wastewater treatment plant for the hospital in Zag�rz; EC „ Siekierki ”(large power/heat generating plant in Warsaw)- completion of the process & storm wastewater treatment plant; Zaklad Specjalny dla Dzieci w Markach i Oœrodek Szkolno-Wychowawczy w Markach-Strudze - start-up of mechanical-biological treatment plant; ZPT Reynolds Tobacco w J�zefoslawiu, Centrum Handlowe w W�lce Kosowskiej i Palarnia Kawy „ Alvorado” w Kostowcu - construction of wastewater treatment plant; OSM „ Praga” Oddzial w Radzyminie - completion of mechanical-biological treatment plant; BENCKISER S.A. w Nowym Dworze Mazowieckim - completion of mechanical-biological treatment plant; Jednostka Wojskowa w Kazuniu - completion of mechanical-biological treatment plant; Mazowieckie Zaklady Przemyslu Owocowo-Warzywnego w Tarczynie - completion of mechanical-biological treatment plant; Centrum Rehabilitacji ZPZOZ-ZPS w Chylicach, Instytut Melioracji i U�ytk�w Zielonych w Falentach, Dom Pomocy Spolecznej w Bramkach, Dom Pomocy Spolecznej w Derdach, Polski Zwi�zek Gluchych w Smoszewie - wastewater treatment plants under construction (5 plants for various institutions);
Air Protection		EC „ �era� ” (one of the biggest energy/heat generating plants in Warsaw) - construction of fluidized bed boilers; completion of low emission burners installation; Thomson - Polkolor w Piasecznie - boiler house modernization; Przedsi�biorstwo Spedycji Mi�dzynarodowej Hartwig - boiler house modernization; Cementownia Warszawa - suspended particles removal equipment modernization; Fabryka Narz�dzi Chirurgicznych I Dentystycznych w Milan�wku - boiler house modernization; Zaklady Stolarki Budowlanej w Wolominie - completion of sulfur removal installation; Warszawskie Zaklady „ Stomil ”- modernization of industrial ventilation system, including activated carbon adsorption equipment; Tarchomi�skie Zaklady Farmaceutyczne „Polfa” - completion of low emission burners installation;
Noise Protection	Investment focused on noise protection generated by transport means and industry processes	Lotnisko Ok�cie (Warsaw airport) - completion of integrated monitoring system and acoustic screens construction; 2. Tarchomi�skie Zaklady Farmaceutyczne „Polfa” acoustic screen construction; Grodziskie Zaklady Farmaceutyczne „Polfa” - completion of noise reducing insulation at the boiler house; Sp�ldzielnia Mleczarska w Warszawie przy ul. Wielickiej - implementation of noise reducing structures (cooling equipment);
Waste Management		Green waste composting plant at Marywilska st. in Warsaw; Completion of the municipal waste composting plant, type DANO (Austrian technology) in Radiowo (Warsaw); Completion of the municipal waste composting plant in Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Completion of waste utilization plant in Brwin�w; Municipal waste utilization plant construction at Zabraniecka st. in Warsaw; Construction of the hospital waste incineration plant at Woloska st.; Landfill recultivation at the Marki municipality.

Appendix D:
voivodship Warsaw
1. Farmaceutical Works Zaklady Farmaceutyczne “Polfa” w Grodzisku Mazowieckim
2. Power and Heat Generation Plant Elektrocieplownia “Siekierki” w Warszawie
voivodship Bielsko-Biala
3. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne “Oswiecim” w Oswiecimiu
voivodship Bydgoszcz
4 Sodium Processing Works Janikowskie Zaklady Sodowe „Janikosoda” S.A. w Janikowie
5. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Organika-Zachem” w Bydgoszczy
6. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Nitro-Chem” S.A. w Bydgoszczy
voivodship Chelm
7. Cement Factory Cementownia “Chelm” w Chelmie
voivodship Czestochowa
8. Cement Factory Cementownia “Rudniki” S.A. w Rudnikach
9. Smelter Huta “Czestochowa” w Czestochowie
voivodship Gdansk
10. Phosphorus Fertilizer Works Gdanskie Zaklady Nawoz�w Fosforowych “Fosfory” Sp.z o.o.
voivodship Jelenia g�ra
11. Lignite mine Kopalnia Wegla Brunatnego “Tur�w” w Bogatyni
12. Power Plant Elektrownia “Tur�w” w Bogatyni
13. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne “Wiz�w” S.A. w Boleslawcu Slaskim
voivodship Katowice
14. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Hajduki” S.A. w Chorzowie
15. Coke processing plant Kombinat Koksochemiczny „Zabrze”- Koksownia „Knur�w” w Knurowie
16. Smelter Huta „Katowice” S.A. w Dabrowie G�rniczej
17. Cement Factory Cementownia “Wiek” w Ogrodziencu
18. Coke processing plant Kombinat Koksochemiczny „Zabrze” - Koksownia „Makoszowy” w Zabrzu - Mokoszowy
19. Coke processing plant Zaklady Koksownicze „Przyjazn” w Dabrowie G�rniczej
20. Power Plant Elektrownia „Rybnik” w Rybniku
21. Smelter Huta “Laziska” w Laziskach G�rnych
22. Power Plant Elektrownia “Laziska” w Laziskach G�rnych
23. Power Plant Elektrownia “Siersza” w Trzebini
24. Power Plant Elektrownia “Lagisza” S.A. w Bedzinie
25. Power Plant Elektrownia “Jaworzno III” S.A. w Jaworznie
26. Coal Mine Nadwislanska Sp�lka Weglowa S.A. w Tychach, Kopalnia Wegla Kamiennego „Czeczott” w Woli
27. Coal Mine Nadwislanska Sp�lka Weglowa S.A. w Tychach, Kopalnia Wegla Kamiennego “Piast” w Bieruniu
28. Coal Mine Nadwislanska Sp�lka Weglowa S.A. w Tychach, Kopalnia Wegla Kamiennego „Ziemowit” w Tychach
29. Metal Works Duo-Stal Sp. z o.o. w Bytomiu
30. Metal Works Zaklady Metalurgiczne Sp. z o.o. w Bytomiu
31. Huta Cynku „Miasteczko Œl�skie” w Tarnowskich G�rach
32. Mining-Smelter Works Zaklady G�rniczo-Hutnicze „Boleslaw” w Bukownie
33. Mining-Smelter Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Organika-Azot” S.A. w Jaworznie
34. Refinery Rafineria „Czechowice” S.A. w Czechowicach Dziedzicach
35. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Tarnowskie G�ry” w likwidacji w Tarnowskich G�rach
36. Refinery Rafineria „Trzebinia” S.A. w Trzebini
voivodship Kielce
37. Cement and Calcium Processing Works Zaklady Cementowo-Wapiennicze „Nowiny” w Sitk�wce k/Kielc
voivodship Konin
38. Aluminum smelter Huta Aluminium „Konin” S.A. w Koninie
39. Power Plant Elektrownia „Konin” w Koninie
voivodship Krakow
40. Smelter Huta im. T. Sendzimira w Krakowie
41. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne S.A. w Alwerni
voivodship Legnica
42. Copper Smelter KGHM „Polska Miedz” S.A. Oddzial - Huta Miedzi “Legnica” w Legnicy
43. Copper Smelter KGHM „Polska Miedz” S.A. Oddzial - Huta Miedzi “Glog�w I” w Zukowicach
44. Hydrotechnical Plant Oddzial KGHM „Polska Miedz” S.A. Zaklad Hydrotechniczny
voivodship Lublin
45. Car Factory DAEWOO MOTOR POLSKA Sp. z o.o. w Lublinie
46. Nitrogen Works Zaklady Azotowe “Pulawy” S.A. w Pulawach
voivodship L�dz
47. Dyestuffs Works Zaklady Przemyslu Barwnik�w „Boruta” S.A. w Zgierzu
voivodship Opole
48. Coke Processing Works Huta „Katowice” S.A., Zaklady Koksownicze w Zdzieszowicach
49. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Blachownia” w Kedzierzynie-Kozlu
50. Chemical works Zaklady Azotowe “Kedzierzyn” w Kedzierzynie-Kozlu
voivodship Ostroleka
51. Paper and Cellulose Works “Intercell” S.A. w Ostrolece
voivodship Piotrkow
52. Power Plant Elektrownia „Belchat�w” w Rogowcu
53. Lignite Mine Kopalnia Wegla Brunatnego „Belchat�w” z/s w Rogowcu
54. Synthetic Fiber Works Zaklady Wl�kien Chemicznych „Wistom” w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim
voivodship Plock
55. Refinery Petrochemia Plock S.A. w Plocku
voivodship Poznan
56. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Lubon” S.A. w Luboniu k/ Poznania
voivodship Rzeszow
57. Fluorsecent Lamp Factory Rzeszowskie Zaklady Lamp Wyladowczych „Polam-Rzesz�w” w Pogwizdowie Nowym (w likwidacji )
voivodship Szczecin
58. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne “Police” w Policach k/ Szczecina
59. Chemical Works “Wiskord” S.A. w Szczecinie
voivodship Tarnobrzeg
60. Kopalnie i Zaklady Przetw�rstwa Siarki „Siarkopol” w Tarnobrzegu
61. Sulfur Mine Kopalnia Siarki „Mach�w” w Tarnobrzegu w likwidacji
62. Power Plant Elektrownia im. T. Koœciuszki w Polancu
63. Power Plant Elektrownia „Stalowa Wola” w Stalowej Woli
64. Sulfur Mining and Processing Plant “Siarkopol” w Grzybowie
voivodship Tarnow
65. Nitrogen Works Zaklady Azotowe S.A. w Tarnowie
66. Synthetic Materials Plant Zaklady Tworzyw Sztucznych „Erg” S.A. w Pustkowie
voivodship Torun
67. Inorganic Industry Works Torunskie Zaklady Przemyslu Nieorganicznego „Polchem” w Toruniu
voivodship Walbrzych
68. Coke Processing Plant Zaklady Koksownicze „Walbrzych” w Walbrzychu w likwidacji
69. Power and Heat Generation Plant Kopalnia Wegla Kamiennego „Victoria” -w likwidacji- Elektrocieplownia w Walbrzychu
voivodship Wloclawek
70. Paper Works Zaklady Papiernicze we Wloclawku
71. Nitrogen Works Zaklady Azotowe S.A. we Wloclawku
voivodship Wroclaw
72. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Rokita” S.A. w Brzegu Dolnym
73. Non-ferrous metal processing Works “Hutmen” S.A. we Wroclawiu
74. Chemical Works Zaklady Chemiczne „Viscoplast” S.A. we Wroclawiu

Appendix E:
Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry. Fakty i Liczby ’95. Warsaw, Poland: MOSZNiL, in press, 1996.
Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry, Ecological Policy Department. Zasady finansowania dzialalnosci pozarzadowych organizacji ekologicznych. Warsaw, Poland: MOSZNiL, September 1996.
Fundacja EKOFUNDUSZ. Konwersja polskiego dlugu na ochron� Œrodowiska 1992-1995. Warsaw, Poland: Ekofundusz 1996.
Fundacja EKOFUNDUSZ. The ECOFUND programme priorities, project selection criteria and procedures of operation. Warsaw, Ekofundusz 1996.
Biuro Studi�w i Ekspertyz, Kancelaria Sejmu. Problemy ochrony œrodowiska w procesie przeksztalce� wlasnoœciowych. Warsaw, Poland: BSE Kancelaria Sejmu 1996.
Central and Eastern Europe Environmental Economics and Policy Project. _r�dla finansowania inwestycji ekologicznych w Polsce.Przewodnik. Warsaw, Poland: Chemonics International Inc., November 1996.
Gl�wny Urz�d Statystyczny. Ochrona Œrodowiska 1996. Informacje i opracowania statystyczne. Warsaw, Poland: 1996.
Gl�wny Urz�d Statystyczny. Rocznik Statystyczny 1996. Warsaw, 1996.
Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Œrodowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej. A SUMMARY of the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management Activities in 1995. Warsaw, Poland: NFOŒiGW, 1996.
Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Œrodowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej. Seven Years of Activity of the National Protection and Water Management. Warsaw, Poland: NFOŒiGW, 1996.
Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Œrodowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej. Selection criteria and financing rules of support from resources of the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in 1997. Warsaw, Poland: NFOŒiGW, 1996.
ERM Polska, The 1996 Polish Investment Forum. 3rd Annual Conference. Investing in Poland: The Growing Importance of Environmental Issues. Warsaw, Poland: Euromoney Publications PLC, September 1996.
Pa�stwowa Inspekcja Ochrony Œrodowiska. Aneks do „Oceny wypelniania wymogow Ochrony Srodowiska przez Zaklady z ‘Listy 80’” wydanej w grudniu 1994r. Warsaw, Poland: PIOS, June 1996.
Pa�stwowa Inspekcja Ochrony Œrodowiska. Ocena funkcjonujacych instalacji redukcji SO2 oraz NOx. Raport z cyklu kontrolnego przeprowadzonego w 1995 roku. Warsaw, Poland: PIOS, April 1996.
POLEKO International Ecological Fair, Exhibitors’ Catalogue, Pozna�, Poland November 1996
Centre for Co-operation with the Economies in Transition. Environmental Performance Reviews. Poland. Paris, France: Head of Publications Service, OECD 1995.
Komitet Bada� Naukowych. Kryteria i tryb przyznawania œrodk�w z bud�etu pa�stwa na finansowanie projekt�w badawczych. Warsaw, Poland: KBN, July 1995.
Gl�wny Urz�d Statystyczny. Ochrona Œrodowiska 1994. Informacje i opracowania statystyczne. Warsaw, Poland: GUS, 1995.
Instytut na rzecz Ekorozwoju. Raport. Polityka ochrony powietrza atmosferycznego w Polsce. Warsaw, Poland: InE, 1994.
Krajowa Konferencja Naukowo-Techniczna. Problemy Gospodarki Osadowej w Oczyszczalniach Sciekow. Cz�stochowa, Poland: NFOSiGW, 1993.
The Baltic Sea Conference 1993. The Baltic Sea - our Common Environment. Background Paper of the State of the Baltic Sea. Helsinki, Finland: the Association of Finnish Local Authorities, 1993.
Narodowa Fundacja Ochrony Œrodowiska. Krajowe Centrum Edukacji Ekologicznej. Eko Indeks ’93. Warsaw, Poland: NFOS, 1993.
Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry. National Enviromnental Policy of Poland. Warsaw, Poland: MOSZNiL, May 1991.
Regional Environmental Center, The Emerging Environmental Market - a survey for the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, June 1995

Appendix F:

No	Title	Editor/Contact person
Weekly Magazine
1	Biuletyn Zamowien Publicznych	ul. Powsinska 69/71 02-903 Warszawa tel. (22) 694 67 50, 694 67 52 fax. (22) 694 62 06 http://www.urm.gov.pl//uzp/iuzpa.html
Biweekly Magazine
1	AGROSERWIS	Katarzyna Krol - tel. (22) 827 24 01
2	LAS POLSKI	tel. ((22) 22 03 34
3	SRODOWISKO	Pawel Wojcik - tel ( 22) 620 74 62 Jacek Zysk - tel. (22) 757 00 30
Monthly Magazine
1	AURA - Ochrona Srodowiska	Edward Garscia ul. Florianska 37 31-019 Krakow tel. (12) 22 63 76, fax. (12) 21 05 02
2	Biuletyn Ekologiczny	edit by PKE - tel. (32) 59 43 15
3	Biuletyn FUNDACJI POSZANOWANIA ENERGII	tel. (22) 25 52 85
4	Biuletyn Informacyjny EKOLANDU
5	Biuletyn Informacyjny ZG PKE	tel. (12) 21 88 52
6	Biuletyn Lubuskiego Klubu Przyrodnikow w SWIEBODZINIE
7	Biuletyn NIECODZINNY (BORE)	tel. (22) 618 28 94
8	CZYSTY SWIAT	Zbigniew Rossa - tel. (22) 49 09 36
9	DZIKIE ZYCIE	Andrzej Janusz Korbel - tel (30) 18 31 53
10	ECHA LESNE	Slawomir Trzaskowski - tel (22) 25 85 56
11	ECHO BOROW TUCHOLSKICH
12	EKO BALTYK	Ms Joanna Maciejowska - tel. (58) 56 74 95
13	EKOFINANSE	Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Srodowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej Mr Krzysztof Walczak ul. Gedymina 13/32 04-120 Warszawa tel./fax. (22) 612 26 94
14	EKO i MY	Ms Maria Ciesielska - tel. (91) 55 31 01
15	EKOPARTNER	Ms Jadwiga Oleszkiewicz ul. Krolowej Jadwigi 13a 05-820 Piastow tel. (22) 625 12 10
16	EKOPROFIT	Ms Jolanta Matiakowska-Karmanska - tel. (32) 51 61 01, 51 73 32
17	FORUM EKOLOGICZNE
18	GAZ, WODA, TECHNIKA SANITARNA	tel. (22) 827 02 49
19	GOSPODARKA PALIWAMI I ENRGIA	tel. (22) 619 21 87
20	GOSPODARKA WODNA	Ms Ewa Skupinska - tel. (22) 826 80 16
21	LOWIEC POLSKI	tel. (22) 826 46 13
22	PARKI NARODOWE	Ms Ewa Kwiecien - tel. (22) 22 49 36
23	POLISH INVESTMENT MARKET	Ms Krystyna Wozniak - tel. (22) 628 09 55
24	POZNAJMY LAS	Ms Anna Potarska - tel. (22) 22 49 36
25	PRZEGL�D GEOLOGICZNY	tel. (22) 49 53 42
26	PRZEMYSL CHEMICZNY	tel. (22) 620 05 89
27	PRZEMYSL I HANDEL	Mr Marek W. Remblinski - tel. (22) 629 11 40
28	PRZYRODA POLSKA	Mr Stanislaw Drewniak - tel. (22) 635 81 71
29	RAJ	Ms Barbara Templi - tel. (71) 72 43 76
30	TEN SWIAT	Ms Ina Sobieraj - tel. (61) 53 09 23
31	TRYBUNA LESNIKA	tel. (32) 51 89 32
32	WEGETARIANSKI SWIAT	Ms Agnieszka Oledzka - tel. (22) 826 32 50
33	ZIELONA ARKA	Mr Marek Osajda - (91) 50 17 08
34	ZIELONE BRYGADY	tel. (12) 22 21 47
35	ZYJMY DLUZEJ	tel. (22) 45 42 16
Bimonthly Magazine
1	Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Ochrony Przyrody ‘SALAMANDRA’
2	Biuletyn Ruchu Ekologicznego Sw. Franciszka z Asyzu	tel. (12) 22 71 15
3	Biuletyn Zarzadu Polskiej Fundacji Lesnej ‘POL-FOREST’	Mr Boleslaw Spring - tel. (71) 21 14 01
4	EKO - Krosno	Ms Malgorzata Madej - tel. (131) 649 02
5	EKOLOGIA I ZDROWIE	Ms Gra�yna Dziurdzik-Kraœniewska ul. Bernardy�ska 5/73a 02-904 Warszawa tel. (22) 642 73 37 http://www.atm.com.pl/ecoheal
6	TOK wydarzen w srodowisku naturalnym - Biuletyn Ekologiczny	Ms Agnieszka Nowak - tel. (81) 258 67
Quarterly
1	EKO FORUM - Kwartalnik Ekologiczny	Mr Piotr Girczys ul. Dabrowki 16, 40-081 Katowice tel./fax. (32) 153 86 82
2	GAJA - WISLA FAX	Mr Wojciech Owczarz - tel. (30) 236 84
3	ZDROWA ZYWNOŒ� - ZDROWY STYL ZYCIA	Mr Zygmunt Koper - tel. (14) 33 09 94
Annual
1	EKOBIULETYN
2	WEGETERIANIN	Mr Tomasz Nocun - tel. (81) 271 32
3	ZWIERZETA I MY	Ms Alina Kasprowicz - tel. (61) 47 62 85

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